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Polycythemia vera (PV) is a myeloproliferative disorder with excessive proliferation of red cells, megakaryocytes, and myelocytes. It is usually an insidious disease with gradual onset and can be associated with prolonged survival if the cytosis…

CML is a clonal stem cell disorder, characterized by increased proliferative capacity in the myeloid lineage, that is almost universally associated with a typical chromosomal translocation known as the Philadelphia chromosome. This is an…

The myeloproliferative disorders are a group of diseases characterized by excessive proliferation of the myeloid elements secondary to a defect in the hematopoietic stem cell. As discussed earlier, the myeloid elements consist of erythrocytes, platelets,…

Acute leukemia, now more accurately referred to as acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), is the more common form of leukemia in adults. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is predominantly a disease of children that accounts for approximately 20%…

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a collection of disorders that predominately affect older patients with the median age of 63 at diagnosis. MDS is a heterogenous group of disorders characterized by abnormal growth of the myeloid…

Most men diagnosed with low-grade prostate cancer may not need radical treatments such as surgery or radiotherapy, which can have serious side effects, British researchers said on Thursday.

A…

A test for blood in the urine, which is easily performed at home, can lead to the detection of bladder cancers at an earlier, more curable stage, according to study…

There are several types of rare malignant ovarian tumors that together compose about 0.1% of ovarian malignancies. These lesions include small cell carcinomas, lipoid cell tumors and primary ovarian sarcomas.

This group of tumors includes granulosa cell tumors, thecomas, and fibromas. The granulosa cell tumor is a low-grade malignancy, and rarely thecomas and fibromas become malignant and are called fibrosarcomas.

Granulosa cell tumors, which…

Sex cord stromal tumors of the ovary account for about 5% to 8% of all ovarian malignancies. This group of ovarian neoplasms is derived from the sex cords and the ovarian stroma or mesenchyme.…

Mixed germ-cell malignancies of the ovary contain two or more elements of the lesions described above. In one series, the most common component of a mixed malignancy was dysgerminoma, which occurred in 80%, followed…

Pure nongestational choriocarcinoma of the ovary is an extremely rare tumor. Histologically, it has the same appearance as gestational choriocarcinoma metastatic to the ovaries. The majority of patients with this cancer are younger…

Embryonal carcinoma of the ovary is an extremely rare tumor. It can be distinguished from a choriocarcinoma by the absence of syncytiotrophoblastic and cytotrophoblastic cells. Embryonal carcinomas may be hormonally active, with some patients developing…

Endodermal sinus tumors (EST) have also been referred to as yolk sac carcinomas, because they are derived from the primitive yolk sac. These lesions are the third most frequent malignant germ cell tumor of…

Immature teratomas contain elements resembling tissues derived from the embryo. Immature teratomatous elements may occur in combination with other germ cell tumors as mixed germ cell tumors. The pure immature teratoma accounts for less than…

Dysgerminomas are the most common malignant germ cell tumors, accounting for about 30% to 40% of all ovarian cancers of germ cell origin. The tumor represents only 1% to 3% of all ovarian cancers, but as…

When an adnexal mass is 2 cm or larger in a premenarchal female, or 8 cm or larger in other premenopausal females, surgical exploration is frequently required. In young patients, blood tests should…

Germ cell tumors are derived from the primordial germ cells of the ovary. Whereas malignant germ cell tumors can arise in extragonadal sites, such as the mediastinum and the retroperitoneum, the majority of germ…

Introduction
Ovarian cancer is one of the most treatable solid tumors, as the majority will respond temporarily to surgery and cytotoxic agents. The disease, however, frequently persists and recurs, having the highest fatality-to-case…

The cause of ovarian cancer is unknown. Some have speculated that an etiologic agent or a potentiator of oncogenesis could enter the peritoneal cavity through the lower genital canal and spread through…

Introduction

Nonepithelial cancers of the ovary are uncommon. They include malignancies of germ cell origin, sex cord-stromal cell origin, metastatic carcinomas to the ovary, and a variety of extremely rare ovarian cancers, such as…

As parity is inversely related to the risk of ovarian cancer, having at least one child is protective of the disease with a risk reduction of 0.3to 0.4. Remarkably, use of oral contraceptives for…

Cisplatin-based combination chemo-therapy regimens have clearly produced higher response rates, complete remission rates, and an improvement in the median survival of patients with advanced ovarian cancer. The impact on long…

Unfortunately, recurrent or persistent ovarian cancer following adjuvant chemotherapy is relatively common and incurable. Usually, second-, third- or fourth-line chemotherapy is used in attempts to prolong life and palliate symptoms. Little…

The use of intravenous or subcutaneous immunostimulants in addition to chemotherapy has not improved the response rate or survival of ovarian cancer patients. The GOG used melphalan with or without subcutaneous administration of…