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Breast Cancer

Treatment-related factors
• Breast Cancer • May 29 08

Surgery
Obesity is associated with the need for more extensive axillary surgery in women with breast   cancer,  as   the   success   of   sentinel lymph node biopsy is inversely related to…


 

Tumor-related factors
• Breast Cancer • May 29 08

Size
Obesity is associated with a larger tumor size at the time of breast cancer diagnosis compared   with   women   of   normal   weight [34]. The poor prognosis of breast cancer…


 

Possible mechanisms linking obesity to breast cancer
• Breast Cancer • May 29 08

In   this   review,  several   mechanisms   by which obesity affects the development and prognosis of breast cancer will be described.

Host factors such as estrogenic activity…


 

Obesity and Breast Cancer
• Breast Cancer • May 29 08

Obesity   has   a   causal   relationship   with various forms of cancer,  as concluded by the International Agency for Research on Cancer following a comprehensive review of epidemiological studies spanning…


 

Using Breast Density to Predict Breast Cancer Risk
• Breast Cancer • May 29 08

What is the problem and what is known about it so far?
Women who have breasts that appear dense on a mammogram are at increased risk for breast…


 

Nipple Problems and Discharge
• Breast Cancer • May 05 08

What are some common nipple problems?

Nipple conditions are a common benign breast condition affecting many women. Some problems are related to lactation, while others are not. Like all breast conditions, any nipple…


 

Fibrocystic Breast
• Breast Cancer • May 05 08

Summary
Fibrocystic breast changes can be broadly defined as benign (noncancerous) changes in the breast. Originally referred to as fibrocystic breast disease, fibrocystic changes alone are no longer considered a disease, in part because…


 

Identifying women at high risk for breast cancer
• Breast Cancer • Mar 18 08

Early menarche and late menopause lead to an increased total lifetime number of menstrual cycles. If women who experience menopause between the ages of 45 and 55 are…


 

Breast Cancer - Looking at lifestyle
• Breast Cancer • Mar 18 08

A 1995 study from the NCI suggested that, according to the data available, approximately half of US breast cancer cases may not be attributable to the recognized risk factors such as…


 

What measurable risk factors are associated with breast cancer?
• Breast Cancer • Mar 18 08

According to the NCI’s Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool, these include:

A personal history of breast abnormalities. A history of lobular or ductal carcinoma in situ is associated…


 

Breast cancer and the postmenopausal woman
• Breast Cancer • Mar 18 08

What are the guidelines for screening in postmenopausal women? Are mammograms passe’? Who should be given chemopreventive agents? Does ERT/HRT increase breast cancer risk? Find answers to these and other important…


 

Mastodynia
• Breast Cancer • Jan 11 08

• Painful breast tissue that can be cyclic and usually associated with hormonal changes related to menses, hormones, pregnancy, or menopause.
• Noncyclical pain can be constant or intermittent.
• Pain is often bilateral.

 

Breast cancer risk is increased in women with prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol
• Breast Cancer • Oct 18 06

Breast cancer risk is increased in women with prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol.

“It has been hypothesized that breast cancer risk is influenced by prenatal hormone…


 

Carcinoma of the Male Breast
• Breast Cancer • May 31 06

Essentials of Diagnosis

» A painless lump beneath the areola in a man usually over 50 years of age.
» Nipple discharge, retraction, or ulceration may be present.

General…


 

Breast Cancer Palliative Treatment
• Breast Cancer • May 31 06

Introduction
This section covers palliative therapy of disseminated disease incurable by surgery (stage IV).

Radiotherapy
Palliative radiotherapy may be advised for primary treatment of locally advanced cancers with distant…


 

Breast Cancer & Risks of Pregnancy
• Breast Cancer • May 31 06

Data are insufficient to determine whether interruption of pregnancy improves the prognosis of patients who are discovered during pregnancy to have potentially curable breast cancer and who receive definitive treatment. Theoretically,…


 

Follow-Up Care
• Breast Cancer • May 31 06

Introduction
After primary therapy, patients with breast cancer should be followed up for life for at least two reasons: to detect recurrences and to observe the opposite breast for a second primary carcinoma.…


 

Prognosis
• Breast Cancer • May 31 06

Stage of breast cancer is the most reliable indicator of prognosis (Table 17-6). Patients with disease localized to the breast and no evidence of regional spread after microscopic examination of the…


 

Chemotherapy - Breast Cancer Palliative Treatment
• Breast Cancer • May 31 06

Cytotoxic drugs should be considered for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (1) if visceral metastases are present (especially brain or lymphangitic pulmonary), (2) if hormonal treatment is unsuccessful or the…


 

Breast Cancer Curative Treatment - Adjuvant Systemic Therapy
• Breast Cancer • May 31 06

Following surgery and radiation therapy, chemotherapy or hormonal therapy is advocated for most patients with curable breast cancer. The objective of adjuvant systemic therapy is to eliminate the occult…


 

Curative Treatment - Recommendations
• Breast Cancer • May 31 06

Earlier consensus held that breast-conserving surgery with radiation was the preferred form of treatment for patients with early-stage breast cancer. Despite the numerous randomized trials showing no survival benefit of mastectomy over breast-conserving…


 

Curative Treatment
• Breast Cancer • May 31 06

Introduction
Treatment may be curative or palliative. Curative treatment is advised for clinical stage I, II, and III disease (

Table 17-2). Patients with locally advanced (T3, T4) and…


 

Hormone Receptor Sites
• Breast Cancer • May 31 06

The presence or absence of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the cytoplasm of tumor cells is of paramount importance in managing patients with breast cancer. Patients whose primary tumors are receptor positive have a…


 

Special Clinical Forms of Breast Cancer
• Breast Cancer • May 31 06

Paget’s Carcinoma

The basic lesion is usually an infiltrating ductal carcinoma, usually well differentiated, or a ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The ducts of the nipple epithelium are infiltrated, but…


 

Breast Cancer Differential Diagnosis
• Breast Cancer • May 31 06

The lesions to be considered most often in the differential diagnosis of breast cancer are the following, in descending order of frequency: mammary dysplasia (fibrocystic condition of the breast), fibroadenoma, intraductal papilloma, lipoma,…


 
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