Skin cancer risk of Hormonal Contraception

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Skin expresses estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors.  Steroid hormones, such as those contained in oral contraceptives,affect skin cell cycle control.

Consequently, they can induce increase of epidermal growth factor signaling, expression of proto-oncogenes, inhibition of apoptosis, DNA replication and, potentially can promote tumor development.

However, available evidence suggests that while the skin responds to estrogens, progestins, and androgens, these responses do not significantly increase the risk of developing skin cancer when estrogen exposure is not excessive ^(76,77). The question of whether oral contraceptives increase the risk for the development of skin cancer, particularly melanoma is still an area of concern ^(76,77). 

Several studies confirmed that ever being pregnant, age at first pregnancy, current use of hormonal contraceptives, duration of their use,and age at first use of oral contraceptives have an absence or no consistent association with melanoma ^(78,79,80).

Adverse Effects of Hormonal contraception Cardiovascular Effects - Myocardial Infarction - Stroke - Arterial Accidents - Venous Thromboembolism - Blood Hypertension Other Effects - Angioedema - Peliosis Hepatis - Severe Adverse Ocular Reactions - Vasculitis Moderate adverse effects Cancer Risks - Breast cancer risk - Ovarian cancer risk - Endometrial cancer risk - Cervical cancer risk - Colorectal cancer risk - Skin cancer risk - Liver cancer risk - Pancreatic cancer risk - Neurofibromas growth - Unclear cancer risks Hazardous prescription Hormonal contraception in female transplant recipients - Hormonal contraception in female kidney recipients - Hormonal contraception in female liver transplant recipients - Hormonal contraception in female heart transplant recipients - Contraception in women HIV infected Mild Adverse effects New Perspectives immunocontraception Contraceptive counseling Conclusion

While, women who had had three or more children seem to be significantly protected as compared to nulliparous ones.  In fact seems that women with both earlier age at first birth (< 20 years) and higher parity (> or=5live birth)have a particular lower risk than women with later age at first birth (> or=25 years) and lower parity. ^(81,82,83).

However, other factors could act ,such as excessive sun exposure as beach holidays for 3 weeks or more. ⁽⁸²⁾.

In fact, history of sunburn and intensive sun-UV exposure, both can are important factors for the development of melanocytic nevi and,indirectly for melanoma ^(76,83,84).

Intermittent and intense sun exposure, during the life, could increase the risk,while prolonged exposure,as during outdoor works,seems not associated with the same risk ^(85,86).

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Contraceptive counseling   Progesterone Receptor Modulators (PMRS) and Progesterone Antagonists (PAS)   Conclusion - adverse effects of Hormonal contraception   New Perspectives immunocontraception   Low Libido as adverse effect of Hormonal contraception   Vaginal Infections as adverse effect of Hormonal contraception   Depression as adverse effect of Hormonal contraception   Ovarian cysts as adverse effect of Hormonal contraception   Irregular Bleeding Pattern as adverse effect of Hormonal contraception   Mild Adverse effects of Hormonal contraception   Dermatological Adverse effects   Headache as Adverse Effect of Hormonal contraception   Adverse effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism   Moderate adverse effects hepatobiliary complications   Hormonal contraception in female heart transplant recipients

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