Pancreatic cancer risk of Hormonal Contraception

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Incidence rates for pancreatic cancer are consistently lower in women than in men. Previous studies suggested that reproductive factors, particularly parity, may reduce pancreatic cancer risk in women.  During a study on 115,474 women (follow-up:  22 years), 243 cases of pancreatic cancer were identified.

Compared with nulliparous women, the relative risk of pancreatic cancer was 0.86 for women with 1-2 births, 0.75 for 3-4 births, and 0.58 for those with 5 or more births, after adjusting for other factors.  The analysis for linear trend indicated a 10% reduction in risk for each birth.

Other reproductive factors and exogenous hormone use were not significantly, related to pancreatic cancer risk ⁽¹²¹⁾.

Compared with women who were premenopausal at baseline, postmenopausal women were at significantly increased risk of pancreatic cancer (odds ratio = 2.44). Age at first live birth, parity, age at menarche, use of oral contraceptive, and use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) were not associated with altered pancreatic cancer risk in studies population. 

Adverse Effects of Hormonal contraception Cardiovascular Effects - Myocardial Infarction - Stroke - Arterial Accidents - Venous Thromboembolism - Blood Hypertension Other Effects - Angioedema - Peliosis Hepatis - Severe Adverse Ocular Reactions - Vasculitis Moderate adverse effects Cancer Risks - Breast cancer risk - Ovarian cancer risk - Endometrial cancer risk - Cervical cancer risk - Colorectal cancer risk - Skin cancer risk - Liver cancer risk - Pancreatic cancer risk - Neurofibromas growth - Unclear cancer risks Hazardous prescription Hormonal contraception in female transplant recipients - Hormonal contraception in female kidney recipients - Hormonal contraception in female liver transplant recipients - Hormonal contraception in female heart transplant recipients - Contraception in women HIV infected Mild Adverse effects New Perspectives immunocontraception Contraceptive counseling Conclusion

However, among parous women, later age at first full-term pregnancy ,significantly increases the risk of this cancer (adjusted OR = 4.05).

Other than the increased risk among postmenopausal women, this cohort study provides little support for associations with hormonal factors.  Additional prospective data are needed. 

However, growing epidemiological evidence that aspects of reproductive history and hormonal exposure are associated with risk of this disease could induce to support the hypothesis that pancreatic cancer is, at least in part, an estrogen-dependent disease ⁽¹²²⁾.  Prolonged lactation and increased parity seem associated with a reduced risk for pancreatic cancer ⁽¹²³⁾.

In a parallel fashion, risk of pancreatic cancer was decreased for women with intact ovaries compared to those who had oophorectomy:  hazard ratio was 0.70. These results indicate that older age at menopause are associated with reduced pancreatic cancer risk, but further research is warranted. ⁽¹²⁴⁾. 

It was observed no association between any other reproductive factors examined (age at first birth, menarche, or menopause; type of menopause; diethylstilbestrol (DES) use; or duration of oral contraceptive or estrogen replacement therapy use) and pancreatic cancer mortality ⁽¹²⁵⁾.  In summary, literature data support the observation that high parity is associated with lower risk of pancreatic cancer but do not show a linear trend with increasing parity. 

Furthermore, we find no evidence that other reproductive factors are associated with pancreatic cancer mortality. ⁽¹²⁶⁾.  It is of interest to report that clinically attainable concentrations of Medroxyprogesterone acetate ^(MPA) can inhibit the growth of some human pancreatic carcinoma cells, in vitro, by inducing apoptosis, probably through their PR, in association with the phosphorylation of bcl-2 ⁽¹²⁷⁾.

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Rosa Sabatini and Giuseppe Loverro
Dept. Obstetrics and Gynecology,
General Hospital Policlinico-University of Bari, Italy
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REFERENCES

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2. Medard, M.L., Ostrowska, L.  (2007).Combined oral contraception and the risk of reproductive organs cancer in women .Ginekol Pol, Aug,78(8), 637-41. 
   
3. Casey, P.M., Cerhan, J.R., Pruthi, S. (2008). Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast cancer. Mayo Clin Proc,Jan,83),86-90
   
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5. White, E., Malone, K.E., Weiss, N.S., Daling, J.R.  (1994). Breast cancer among young US women in relation to oral contraceptive use.  J.  Nati Cancer Inst, 86(7), 505-14
   
6. Brohet, R.M., Goldgar, D.E., Easton, D.F., Antoniou, A.C., Andrieu, N., Chang-Claude, J., Peock, S., Eeles, R.A., Cook, M., Chu, C., Nogue`s, C., Lasset, C., Berthet, P., Meijers-Heijboer, H., Gerdes, A.M., Olsson, H., Caldes, T., van Leeuwen, F.E., Rookus, M.A.  (2007). Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk in the international BRCA1/2 carrier cohort study: a report from EMBRACE, GENEPSO, GEO-HEBON, and the IBCCS Collaborating Group.J Clin Oncol, Sep 1,25(25), 3831-6.
   
7. Haile, R.W., Thoma, D.C., McGuire, V., Felberg, A., John, E.M., Milne, R.L., Hopper, J.L. et.al. (2006). BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, oral contraceptives use,and breast cancer before age 50. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarker Prev, 15(10), 1863-70.
   
8. Daling, J.R., Brinton, L.A., Voigt, L.F., Weiss, N.S., Coates, R.J., Malone, K.E., Schoenberg, J.B., Gammon, M. (1996). Risk of breast cancer among white women following induced abortion. Am J Epidemiol, Aug 15,144(4), 373-80. 
   
9. Daling, J.R., Malone, K.E., Voigt, L.F., White, E., Weiss, N.S. (1997). Risk of breast cancer among young women:  relationship Med to induced abortion. N Engl J, 336(2), 81-5
   
10. Rookus, M.A., van Leeuwen, F.E.  (1996).Induced abortion and risk for breast cancer:  reporting (recall) bias in a Dutch case-control study.  J Natl Cancer Inst, 88 (23),1759-64
    
11. Van Leeuwen, F.E.  (1991). Epidemiologic aspects of exogenous progestagens in relation to their role in pathogenesis of human breast cancer. Acta Endocrinol, 125(1), 13.

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