Myocardial Infarction

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Cardiovascular Effects
The first report about a case of pulmonary embolism as adverse effect of contraception occurred in 1961 ⁽¹⁾.

Myocardial Infarction

In the last years, the incidence of myocardial infarction(MI) was estimated of 2 to5 fold for hormonal contraceptive (HC)-users compared with nonusers ^{( 2,3)}.

The risk results dose-related, and increased also for women using low-dose pill.

Coagulation factors, especially factors VII and fibrinogen, have been established as important cardiovascular risk factors in men.  Some studies have shown the levels of factors VII and fibrinogen to be elevated in HC users. 

These procoagulant alterations are also observed in women receiving estrogen substitution, but unlike HC users, such women appear to be protected by age-related increases in the level of antitrombin III ^(4,5). 

Smoking is an important influence-factor on the fibrinogen level, which probably explains part of the increased risk of MI among HC users.

Adverse Effects of Hormonal contraception Cardiovascular Effects - Myocardial Infarction - Stroke - Arterial Accidents - Venous Thromboembolism - Blood Hypertension Other Effects - Angioedema - Peliosis Hepatis - Severe Adverse Ocular Reactions - Vasculitis Moderate adverse effects Cancer Risks - Breast cancer risk - Ovarian cancer risk - Endometrial cancer risk - Cervical cancer risk - Colorectal cancer risk - Skin cancer risk - Liver cancer risk - Pancreatic cancer risk - Neurofibromas growth - Unclear cancer risks Hazardous prescription Hormonal contraception in female transplant recipients - Hormonal contraception in female kidney recipients - Hormonal contraception in female liver transplant recipients - Hormonal contraception in female heart transplant recipients - Contraception in women HIV infected Mild Adverse effects New Perspectives immunocontraception Contraceptive counseling Conclusion

Both, smoking and hypertension substantially increase the risk among HC users and some data suggest an increased risk among women with diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia or a history of pre-eclampsia or hypertension-pregnancy related. 

The role of the different types of progestagens used in HCs is still controversial ^(6,7,8). 

Clinical trials on myocardial infarction have found inconsistent results, possibly because of differences in the prevalence of risk factors, particularly smoking and elevated blood pressure, in the populations studied.

In the absence of a history of smoking and other conventional risk factors, current users of modern COCs probably do not have an increased risk of myocardial infarction.  Neither are former users at risk ⁽⁹⁾. 

Evidence for important differences in the risk of myocardial infarction between formulations is weak and contradictory.

RELATED STORIES:
Contraceptive counseling   Progesterone Receptor Modulators (PMRS) and Progesterone Antagonists (PAS)   Conclusion - adverse effects of Hormonal contraception   New Perspectives immunocontraception   Low Libido as adverse effect of Hormonal contraception   Vaginal Infections as adverse effect of Hormonal contraception   Depression as adverse effect of Hormonal contraception   Ovarian cysts as adverse effect of Hormonal contraception   Irregular Bleeding Pattern as adverse effect of Hormonal contraception   Mild Adverse effects of Hormonal contraception   Dermatological Adverse effects   Headache as Adverse Effect of Hormonal contraception   Adverse effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism   Moderate adverse effects hepatobiliary complications   Hormonal contraception in female heart transplant recipients

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