Prolactin-secreting adenomas account for approximately 30% of all pituitary adenomas. Fewer than 7% of patients with intrasellar microadenomas (size less than 10 mm) manifest clinical evidence of tumor expansion during pregnancy. On the other hand,…

Primary hyperparathyroidism does not appear to impair fertility, but it is known to result in a high rate of fetal complications such as spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and neonatal tetany. Maternal hyperparathyroidism causes maternal hypercalcemia, which in…

Gestational diabetes is defined as carbohydrate intolerance of variable severity with onset during the present pregnancy. The definition applies regardless of whether insulin is used for treatment or the condition persists after pregnancy, but it…

Several special considerations of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy should be kept in mind. First, signs and symptoms of disordered thyroid function may be mimicked by pregnancy itself. Second, increases in thyroid-binding proteins during pregnancy alter…

Beginning in early gestation, glucose and various gluconeogenic amino acids reach the fetus against a concentration gradient by facilitated diffusion. Since maternal loss of glucose and gluconeogenic substrate to the fetus conspires to…