Chronic Anovulation • Disorders of the Ovary and Female Reproductive Tract • Sep 19 06 At least 80% or more of gynecologic endocrine disorders result from chronic anovulation. Women with chronic anovulation fail to ovulate spontaneously but may ovulate with appropriate therapy. The ovaries of such women do not secrete… Ovarian Failure • Menstrual Abnormalities and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding • Sep 19 06 Primary ovarian failure is associated with elevated plasma gonadotropin levels and can result from several causes. The most frequent cause is gonadal dysgenesis, in which the germ cells are absent and the ovary is replaced… Abnormal Uterine Bleeding • Menstrual Abnormalities and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding • Sep 19 06 Excessive duration (menorrhagia) or amount (menorrhagia, or hypermenorrhea) of menses or both; too-frequent menstruation (polymenorrhea); nonmenstrual or intermenstrual bleeding (metrorrhagia); or postmenopausal bleeding (any bleeding >= 6 mo after the last normal menstrual period… Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (Functional Uterine Bleeding) • Menstrual Abnormalities and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding • Sep 19 06 Abnormal uterine bleeding not associated with tumor, inflammation, or pregnancy. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding, the most common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding, is a diagnosis of exclusion. It occurs most commonly at… Amenorrhea • Menstrual Abnormalities and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding • Sep 19 06 Absence of menstruation-either because it never began or later ceased. Amenorrhea is traditionally categorized as primary (menarche has not occurred by age 16) or secondary (menses has not occurred for >= 3 mo in women… Secondary Dysmenorrhea (Acquired Dysmenorrhea) • Menstrual Abnormalities and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding • Sep 19 06 Pain with menses caused by demonstrable pathology. Endometriosis is a common cause of dysmenorrhea; adenomyosis may also cause it. A few women have an extremely tight cervical os (secondary to conization, cryocautery, or… Primary Dysmenorrhea (Functional Dysmenorrhea) • Menstrual Abnormalities and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding • Sep 19 06 Cyclic pain associated with ovulatory cycles without demonstrable lesions affecting reproductive structures. The pain is thought to result from uterine contractions and ischemia, probably mediated by prostaglandins produced in secretory endometrium; therefore, primary… Premature Ovarian Failure (Premature Menopause) • Menstrual Abnormalities and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding • Sep 19 06 Disorders in which women < 40 yr present with symptoms and signs due to estrogen deficiency and have high levels of circulating gonadotropins (especially FSH) and low levels of estradiol. Various disorders… Premenstrual Syndrome (Premenstrual Tension) • Menstrual Abnormalities and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding • Sep 19 06 A condition characterized by nervousness, irritability, emotional instability, anxiety, depression, and possibly headaches, edema, and mastalgia, occurring during the 7 to 10 days before and usually disappearing a few hours after onset of… Women with type 2 diabetes are at increased risk for urinary incontinence • Gynecology news • Sep 18 06 Women with type 2 diabetes are at an increased risk for urinary incontinence. According to scientists writing in the journal Diabetes Care, “Diabetes is associated… Adolescent Dysmenorrhea • The Adolescent Girl • • Adolescent Dysmenorrhea • Sep 15 06 Primary or functional dysmenorrhea in the adolescent is a painful paroxysmal syndrome that precedes and may accompany menses, but it is without pelvic pathology. Secondary or acquired dysmenorrhea, on the other hand, is caused by… Adolescent Dysmenorrhea Prevalence • The Adolescent Girl • • Adolescent Dysmenorrhea • Sep 15 06 We conducted an epidemiological study of the prevalence of dysmenorrhea in the middle and high schools in Montpellier, France. As part of a systematic medical examination, participating school physicians established a medical record for… Adolescent Dysmenorrhea Etiology • The Adolescent Girl • • Adolescent Dysmenorrhea • Sep 15 06 Evidence supports the concept that dysmenorrhea arises through the excess in prostaglandin synthesis from the endometrium itself: elevated levels of PGF2α have been found in the menstrual fluid, as well as in the blood,… Adolescent Dysmenorrhea Treatment • The Adolescent Girl • • Adolescent Dysmenorrhea • Sep 15 06 NSAIDs are the most common pharmacologic treatment for dysmenorrhea: NSAIDs, which are able to inhibit prostaglandin synthetase, have significantly alleviated symptoms of dysmenorrhea in 75% of adolescents. Propionates such as ibuprofen (400 mg/4… Adolescent Dysmenorrhea Conclusion • The Adolescent Girl • • Adolescent Dysmenorrhea • Sep 15 06 Adolescent dysmenorrhea has long been considered a minor problem of menarche. Its relative frequency, the various degrees of severity, the minimizing attitudes of other family members, multigenerational patterns of selfmedication - all these are… Chile to distribute Plan B emergency contraceptive at no cost to girls over age 14 • Gynecology news • Sep 14 06 Chilean Health Minister Maria Soledad Barria earlier this month announced that the government will distribute Barr Laboratories’ emergency contraceptive Plan B -… Oligomenorrhea • The Adolescent Girl • • Menstrual Irregularities • • Menstrual Irregularities in Adolescence • Sep 14 06 Definition: Bleeding intervals longer than 35 days. Oligomenorrhea may be transient during the transition to a normal cycle. Evaluation of the physical status, sexual development, and the bleeding pattern is sufficient in this setting. But oligomenorrhea… Menstrual Irregularities - Conclusion • The Adolescent Girl • • Menstrual Irregularities • Sep 14 06 Menstrual irregularities are common in puberty and adolescence during the development of ovarian function and until a regular ovulatory cycle. Most irregularities are transient and self-limited but some are severe and prolonged and… Polymenorrhea • The Adolescent Girl • • Menstrual Irregularities • • Menstrual Irregularities in Adolescence • Sep 14 06 Definition: Bleeding intervals shorter than 21 days. This anomaly is quite frequent in puberty and adolescence and is caused by hormonal imbalance within an unstable cycle. There may be an estrogen deficit in an anovulatory cycle… Metrorrhagia • The Adolescent Girl • • Menstrual Irregularities • • Menstrual Irregularities in Adolescence • Sep 14 06 Metrorrhagia, characterized by bleeding episodes without a recognizable cycle, is a frequent form of irregular bleeding in adolescence. Bleeding occurs at different intervals with different durations and differs in amount from spotting to severe. The reason… Hypermenorrhea • The Adolescent Girl • • Menstrual Irregularities • • Menstrual Irregularities in Adolescence • Sep 14 06 Definition: Severe until excessive bleeding within a quite regular cycle, blood loss >80 ml. Severe bleeding is clinically important, particularly if it is combined with menorrhagia. Blood loss and resulting symptoms can be considerable. The reason… Diagnosis - General Aspects • The Adolescent Girl • • Menstrual Irregularities • Sep 14 06 A diagnostic work-up should be initiated if there are symptoms of pathology, i.e., if the menstrual disturbance is beyond the normal spectrum of physiological variability. Most mild and moderate disturbances during adolescence are… Menstrual Irregularities in Adolescence - Definitions, Treatment and Special Considerations • The Adolescent Girl • • Menstrual Irregularities • • Menstrual Irregularities in Adolescence • Sep 14 06 Menorrhagia Menorrhagia is defined as prolonged bleeding (longer than 7 days) within a more or less normal interval. The flow may be severe. It is caused… Possible Causes of Disturbances • The Adolescent Girl • • Menstrual Irregularities • Sep 14 06 During the transition from menarche to a normal ovulatory cycle, a number of influences and noxae may cause abnormalities. The hypothalamicpituitary- ovarian axis is complex, unstable and vulnerable. This lability, particularly in puberty… Clinical Importance of Menstrual Irregularities • The Adolescent Girl • • Menstrual Irregularities • Sep 14 06 Abnormalities of the type of bleeding may be a serious problem for adolescent girls. Menorrhagia or metrorrhagia are disturbing in daily life and may contribute to psychological insecurity. Hypermenorrhea and menorrhagia are… Page 48 of 58 pages « First < 46 47 48 49 50 > Last » << Back to main
