Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

Between menarche and the menopause, almost every woman experiences one or more episodes of abnormal uterine bleeding, here defined as any bleeding pattern that differs in frequency, duration, or…

Dysmenorrhea is defined as cramping pain in the lower abdomen occurring at the onset of menses. Dysmenorrhea is commonly divided into two main categories:

Primary dysmenorrhea, when there is no discernible pelvic pathology

Secondary dysmenorrhea, which…

General Considerations

Vaginal bleeding that occurs 6 months or more following cessation of menstrual function should be investigated. The most common causes are atrophic endometrium, endometrial proliferation or hyperplasia, endometrial or cervical cancer, and…

General Considerations

Normal menstrual bleeding lasts an average of 4 days (range, 2-7 days), with a mean blood loss of 40 mL. Blood loss of over 80 mL per cycle is abnormal and frequently…

Primary ovarian failure is associated with elevated plasma gonadotropin levels and can result from several causes. The most frequent cause is gonadal dysgenesis, in which the germ cells are absent and the ovary is replaced…

Excessive duration (menorrhagia) or amount (menorrhagia, or hypermenorrhea) of menses or both; too-frequent menstruation (polymenorrhea); nonmenstrual or intermenstrual bleeding (metrorrhagia); or postmenopausal bleeding (any bleeding >= 6 mo after the last normal menstrual period…

Abnormal uterine bleeding not associated with tumor, inflammation, or pregnancy.

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding, the most common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding, is a diagnosis of exclusion. It occurs most commonly at…

Absence of menstruation-either because it never began or later ceased.
Amenorrhea is traditionally categorized as primary (menarche has not occurred by age 16) or secondary (menses has not occurred for >= 3 mo in women…

Pain with menses caused by demonstrable pathology.

Endometriosis is a common cause of dysmenorrhea; adenomyosis may also cause it. A few women have an extremely tight cervical os (secondary to conization, cryocautery, or…

Cyclic pain associated with ovulatory cycles without demonstrable lesions affecting reproductive structures.

The pain is thought to result from uterine contractions and ischemia, probably mediated by prostaglandins produced in secretory endometrium; therefore, primary…

Disorders in which women < 40 yr present with symptoms and signs due to estrogen deficiency and have high levels of circulating gonadotropins (especially FSH) and low levels of estradiol.

Various disorders…

A condition characterized by nervousness, irritability, emotional instability, anxiety, depression, and possibly headaches, edema, and mastalgia, occurring during the 7 to 10 days before and usually disappearing a few hours after onset of…

Description
Excessive amount or duration of menstrual flow, at more or less regular intervals

Menorrhagia is defined as excessive amount or duration of menstrual flow, at more or less regular intervals. Menorrhagia is characterized by…