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HPV; about 100 types of DNA virus; infecting epithelial cells only; gynecologically important types HPV-6, -11, -16 and -18. Incubation period: 1 - 20 months, 2 - 3 months on average.

Epidemiology. Infections by…

Prevention as the most effective strategy to avoid spreading STDs among adolescents can be divided into three components.

Basic prevention is focused on sexual education as the key to ensure that adolescents get…

HSV-1 and -2; DNA viruses; persistently infecting regional ganglion. Incubation period: initial infection 2 - 7 days.

Epidemiology. Infection with HSV is one of the most common viral infections. Based on reports on antibody…

N. gonorrhoeae; fastidious gram-negative diplococcus; infecting mucous membranes. Incubation period: 2 - 7 days.

Epidemiology. Gonorrhea is the second most frequently occurring STD and its incidence, although not comparable with that of chlamydiae, is also…

Because the goal of this section is to deal with the closely defined STDs, as opposed to HIV and hepatitis B, stress is put on the former only. Although new cases of…

An immune stimulating agent, inosiplex, seems to be an effective treatment for genital warts of the cervix that don’t get better with conventional therapies, a small study suggests.

Conventional treatment…

A new systematic review compared regional and general anesthesia in women undergoing Caesarean section and their respective effects on mom and baby.

The review found little…

A woman in Idaho who said she developed a blood clot disorder after using the birth control patch Ortho Evra - made by Ortho-McNeil, a subsidiary of Johnson &…

Not enough women are being included in European clinical drug trials, despite the acknowledged gender differences in the effectiveness of treatments, say public…

Some women who experience moderate-to-severe premenstrual syndrome may benefit from treatment with low doses of anti-depressant medication, according to a new study led by a Virginia Commonwealth University researcher.

In…

About 1 in 100 babies delivered by cesarean section are injured in the process, a new study shows. The risk of injury is influenced by the reasons for doing the…

Taking a potassium citrate supplement to counteract the high acidity of the modern diet can lead to increased bone density in older women, suggests a study in the November Journal of…

Obese women may have an increased risk of oral contraceptive failure.

According to researchers from the United States, “Studies have suggested that obesity is associated with an…

Introduction
Vaginitis may be due to pathogens or to indigenous flora after a change in milieu of the vagina. Candidal vulvovaginitis and bacterial vaginosis (formerly called Gardnerella, Haemophilus, or nonspecific vaginitis) may occur in patients…

Improved health care access for noncitizens may help reduce breast and cervical cancer screening disparities in women.

According to researchers writing in the journal…

Adult weight gain is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer risk postmenopausal women.

According to researchers at the American Cancer Society,…

Acupuncture may offer women an alternative for easing hot flashes during menopause, preliminary research suggests.

In a study of 29 women with frequent, daily hot flashes, researchers found that those who…

In the adolescent, the aberrations associated with cyclical variations of mammary gland have little clinical expression. Indeed, in the early pubertal period, cyclical mastalgia is exceptional. But…

Ductal Ectasia: Anatomo-Physiologic Variation

Ductal ectasia is most frequent in middle-aged women. In adolescence, ectasia has been described as an exaggeration of sinus duct development, with an epithelium disposed in ‘accordion’…

The new ANDI classification is well suited to describe mammary hypertrophy. From normal breast volume to simple hypertrophy, or to major hypertrophy like gigantomastia, all the stages from normal…

Congenital Anomalies
Congenital anomalies may be uni- or bilateral and may involve the nipple, the breast or both. Breast abnormalities are classically observed along the line extending from…

Before the peri-menarchal period, the mammary gland consists of only a few ducts. During peri-menarchal development, the principal changes are duct sprouting and the addition of lobular structures. Estrogen induces connective…

The breast remains quiescent in the prepubertal stage and undergoes major changes at puberty under the influence of ovarian hormones. Estrogen increases adipose tissue and initiates stromal and ductal growth. Progesterone is probably important for…

Three major phases associated with the physiological processes of the mammary gland characterize this new classification.

Lobular Development between Puberty and 25 Years of Age
Lobular development is important…