Gynecology articles

The risks and benefits of the combined oral contraceptive pill

The combined oral contraceptive pill has been used by an estimated 300 million women worldwide since it was…    

Common breast problems

Breast pain

Breast pain is common and usually caused by hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle.…    

Adenomyosis: More common than you think

Transvaginal ultrasonography, needle biopsy, and MRI often can’t distinguish adenomyosis from fibroids. Classical signs like uterine enlargment, pelvic…    

How is the Vaginal Opening Affected by Childbirth – And by Episiotomy?

Injuries to the perineum and vaginal opening affect 35-75% of women during vaginal birth.  Even after careful repair,…    

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)a is identified by a variety of physical and emotional symptoms that occur during the…    

Sterilization

Introduction
In the United States, sterilization is the most popular method of birth control for couples…    

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID; Salpingitis, Endometritis)

Introduction

Essentials of Diagnosis

• Lower abdominal, adnexal, or cervical motion…

   

Vaginitis

Introduction

Essentials of Diagnosis

• Vaginal irritation, pruritus, pain, or unusual discharge.

   

Dysmenorrhea

1. Primary Dysmenorrhea

Introduction
Primary dysmenorrhea is menstrual pain associated with ovular cycles in…    

Rape

Introduction

• Women neither secretly want to be raped nor do they expect, encourage, or enjoy…

   

Menopausal Syndrome

Introduction

Essentials of Diagnosis

• Cessation of menses due to aging or…

   

Contraception

Introduction

Voluntary control of childbearing benefits women, men, and the children born to them. Contraception should be…    

Infertility

Introduction

A couple is said to be infertile if pregnancy does not result after 1 year of…    

Painful Intercourse (Dyspareunia)

Introduction

Questions related to sexual functioning should be asked as part of the reproductive history. Two helpful questions…    

Persistent Anovulation (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome)

Introduction

Essentials of Diagnosis

• Chronic anovulation.
  
• Infertility.
  
• Elevated…

   

Ovarian Tumors

Introduction

Essentials of Diagnosis

• Vague gastrointestinal discomfort.
  
• Pelvic pressure…

   

Uterine Prolapse

Introduction

Uterine prolapse most commonly occurs as a delayed result of childbirth injury to the pelvic floor…    

Genital Prolapse (Cystocele, Rectocele, Enterocele)

Cystocele, rectocele, and enterocele are vaginal hernias commonly seen in multiparous women. Cystocele is a hernia of the…    

Endometriosis

Introduction

Essentials of Diagnosis

• Pelvic pain related to menstrual cycle.
  
• Dysmenorrhea.…

   

Carcinoma of the vulva

Introduction

Essentials of Diagnosis

• History of genital warts.
  
• History of…