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Valve repair may be useful for tricuspid, mitral, and occasionally aortic regurgitation. Likewise, percutaneous or open valvulotomy may be indicated in mitral, pulmonary, and tricuspid stenosis. Nonetheless, the number of valve…

Tricuspid stenosis is usually rheumatic in origin. It should be suspected when “right heart failure” appears in the course of mitral valve disease, marked by hepatomegaly, ascites, and dependent edema. It may also occur in…

Essentials of Diagnosis

• Usually asymptomatic until middle age; presents with left-sided failure or chest pain.
• Wide pulse pressure with associated peripheral signs.
• Hyperactive, enlarged left ventricle.
• Diastolic murmur along left…

Essentials of Diagnosis

• In adults, usually asymptomatic until middle or old age.
• Delayed and diminished carotid pulses.
• Soft, absent, or paradoxically split S₂.
• Harsh systolic murmur, sometimes with thrill…

While most cases of valvular disease in the United States were at one time due to rheumatic heart disease (still true in developing countries), other causes are now more common. The typical findings of…

Essentials of Diagnosis

• Usually asymptomatic until middle age.
• Right ventricular lift; S₂ widely split and fixed.
• Grade I-III/VI systolic ejection murmur at pulmonary area.
• ECG…

Essentials of Diagnosis

• Adults asymptomatic if defect is small to moderate.
• Grade II-VI/VI pansystolic murmur maximal at the left sternal border; associated thrill common.
• ECG may show left ventricular hypertrophy…

Essentials of Diagnosis

• Adults with small or moderately large patent ductus are usually asymptomatic at least until middle age.
• Widened pulse pressure; loud S₂.
• Continuous murmur over pulmonary area; thrill…

Essentials of Diagnosis

• No symptoms in patients with mild or moderately severe lesions.
• Severe cases may present with right-sided heart failure and cause sudden death.
• High-pitched systolic ejection murmur maximal in…

Although the cardiovascular examination centers on the heart, peripheral signs are often invaluable.

In the management of patients with heart disease, it is important to quantify and closely follow the severity of symptoms. A commonly used classification system is that of the New York Heart…

Although cardiac catheterization and angiography remain the standard tests for assessment of many hemodynamic and anatomic abnormalities of the heart, they have often been supplanted by echocardiography and other imaging modalities for the…

The chest x-ray provides information about heart size, the pulmonary circulation (with characteristic signs suggesting both pulmonary artery or pulmonary venous hypertension), primary pulmonary disease, and aortic abnormalities. The echocardiogram provides much more…

Essentials of Diagnosis

• Infants may have severe heart failure; children and adults are usually asymptomatic, presenting with hypertension.
• Absent or weak femoral pulses.
• Systolic pressure higher in upper extremities…

Under certain circumstances, mobile phones can have adverse effects on the function of pacemakers, but the devices usually start working properly again once the phones are moved away, researchers in Turkey report.

Giving B vitamins to Heart Attack survivors does not cut their risk of having another attack and may actually do more harm than good, researchers said on Monday.

The…

cardiovascular disease in women is under-diagnosed and under-treated compared to cases in men, an expert said on Friday.

“Many women are unaware that Coronary heart disease is their main…