Pulmonary Stenosis

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Essentials of Diagnosis

• No symptoms in patients with mild or moderately severe lesions.
• Severe cases may present with right-sided heart failure and cause sudden death.
• High-pitched systolic ejection murmur maximal in the second left interspace. P₂ delayed and soft or absent. Ejection click often present. Increased right ventricular impulse.
• Palpable thrill at second left intercostal space.
• Right ventricular hypertrophy on ECG; pulmonary artery dilation on x-ray. Echo-Doppler diagnostic.

General Considerations
Stenosis of the pulmonary valve or infundibulum increases the resistance to outflow, raises the right ventricular pressure, and limits pulmonary blood flow. In the absence of associated shunts, arterial saturation is normal, but severe stenosis causes peripheral cyanosis by reducing cardiac output. 

Clubbing and polycythemia do not develop unless a patent foramen ovale or atrial septal defect is present, permitting right-to-left shunting.

Clinical Findings
A. Symptoms and Signs
Mild cases (right ventricular-pulmonary artery gradient < 30 mm Hg) are asymptomatic. Moderate to severe stenosis (gradients 50 to > 80 mm Hg) may cause dyspnea on exertion, syncope, chest pain, and eventually right ventricular failure.

There is a palpable parasternal lift. A loud, harsh systolic murmur and a prominent thrill are present in the left second and third interspaces parasternally; the murmur is in the third and fourth interspaces in infundibular stenosis. The second sound is obscured by the murmur in severe cases; the pulmonary component is diminished, delayed, or absent. Both components are audible in mild cases. A right-sided S4 and a prominent a wave in the venous pulse are present in severe cases.

B. Electrocardiography and Chest X-Ray
Right axis deviation or right ventricular hypertrophy is noted; peaked P waves provide evidence of right atrial overload. Heart size may be normal on radiographs, or there may be a prominent right ventricle and atrium or gross cardiac enlargement, depending upon the severity. There is often poststenotic dilation of the main and left pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary vascularity is normal or diminished.

C. Diagnostic Studies
Echocardiography usually demonstrates the anatomic abnormality and assesses right ventricular size and function. Doppler ultrasound can estimate the gradient accurately; its findings are usually confirmed by cardiac catheterization.

Prognosis & Treatment
Patients with mild pulmonary stenosis may have a normal life span. Moderate stenosis may be asymptomatic in childhood and adolescence, but symptoms may appear as patients grow older. Severe stenosis is associated with sudden death and can cause heart failure in the 20s and 30s.

Symptomatic patients or those with evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy and resting gradients over 75-80 mm Hg require correction in most cases. Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty has proved successful and is usually the treatment of choice. Surgery can be performed with an operative mortality rate of 2-4% and an excellent long-term result in most cases. 

RELATED STORIES:
Cardiovascular Screening of Athletes   The Cardiac Patient & Pregnancy   Cardiovascular Complications of Pregnancy   The Cardiac Patient & Surgery   Traumatic Heart Disease   Pulmonary Heart Disease (Cor Pulmonale)   Cardiac Involvement in Miscellaneous Systemic Diseases   Neoplastic Diseases of the Heart   Constrictive Pericarditis   Primary Pulmonary Hypertension   Pericardial Effusion   Acute Pericarditis

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Cause for Pulmonic Stenosis is not known, but it is seen mostly in unborn, developing babies. While congenital heart disease being the most common cause, Rheumatic Heart Disease or Malignant Carcinoid Tumor may also be taken into consideration. The defect may occur alone or with other heart defects. Though it is mostly seen in children, it may occur in later stage due to any damaged to the valves.

posted by Thomas on 02/19/2011 at 1:42 am -08:00