CSF smear

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Alternative names
Spinal fluid smear

Definition
CSF smear is a microscopic examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF is a clear fluid that circulates in the space surrounding the spinal cord and brain. CSF protects the brain and spinal cord from injury and carries products of neurosecretions (chemicals released by the neural tissue), nutrients, chemicals in the cells, and chemical changes in the cells.

How the test is performed
The CSF is usually obtained through a lumbar puncture (spinal tap).

A small amount of the CSF is removed and sent to the lab. A smear involves spreading a thin sample on a glass slide, fixing (preserving) the sample, and staining. Often a Gram stain is done for bacteria. Less commonly, an acid-fast stain is done for tuberculosis and tuberculosis-like bacteria. Rarely, a fungal stain is done. It is then examined under a microscope.

How to prepare for the test
Preparation is the same as for CSF collection.
You must sign a consent form. You must be prepared to remain in the hospital for at least the 6 to 8 hours that you must remain lying down.

Infants and children:
The preparation you can provide for this test depends on your child’s age, previous experiences, and level of trust. For general information regarding how you can prepare your child, see the following topics:

• Infant test or procedure preparation (birth to 1 year)
  
• Toddler test or procedure preparation (1 to 3 years)
  
• Preschooler test or procedure preparation (3 to 6 years)
  
• School age test or procedure preparation (6 to 12 years)
  
• Adolescent test or procedure preparation (12 to 18 years)

How the test will feel
The position may be uncomfortable, but it is imperative that the person remain in the curled position to avoid moving the needle and possibly injuring the spinal cord.

The scrub will feel cold and wet. The anesthetic will sting or burn when first injected. There will be a hard pressure sensation when the needle is inserted, and there is usually some brief pain when the needle goes through the meninges. This pain should stop in a few seconds. Overall, discomfort is minimal to moderate. The entire procedure usually takes about 30 minutes but may take longer. The actual pressure measurements and fluid collection only takes a few minutes.

Why the test is performed
The examination under the microscope checks for microorganisms that may be causing an infection.

Normal Values
The absence of bacteria (a sterile fluid) is normal.

What abnormal results mean
Bacteria or other microorganisms (tuberculosis, fungus, or viruses) are present, indicating bacterial meningitis or other infection.

Additional conditions under which the test may be performed include tertiary syphilis.

What the risks are

• Risks of lumbar puncture include:
  o Hypersensitivity (allergic reaction to the anesthetic)
  o Discomfort during the test
  o Headache after the test
  o Leaking of CSF after the test
  o Bleeding into the spinal canal
  
• Brain herniation (if performed on a person with increased intracranial pressure), potentially resulting in brain damage and/or death
  
• Damage to the spinal cord (particularly if the person moves during the test)

Special considerations
Not applicable.

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