Causes of Hypertension
The common causes of hypertension at different ages are given in Table 22-22. A more comprehensive list of the causes of hypertension is given in Tables 22-23 and 22-24.
For convenience these have been divided into hypertension that is associated with another, usually obvious disease (Table 22-23), is often acute, and subsides when the associated disease is cured, and sustained hypertension that often cannot be diagnosed by a preliminary history and examination and is usually secondary to renal or endocrine disorders (Table 22-24).
AGE-RELATED COMMON CAUSES OF HYPERTENSION
AGE GROUP LESIONS
Neonate
Renal artery thrombosis or stenosis, renal malformations, coarctation of the aorta, bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Infants to 6 years
Renal parenchymal diseases, coarctation of the aorta, renal artery stenosis
6-10 years
Renal parenchymal diseases, renal artery stenosis, essential hypertension
Adolescence
Essential hypertension, obesity, renal parenchymal diseases
CAUSES OF HYPERTENSION (OFTEN ACUTE) ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER DISORDERS
Nervous system disorders
- Encephalitis, meningitis
- Raised intracranial pressure
- After intracranial surgery or cranial trauma
- Poliomyelitis; Guillain-Barre syndrome
- Familial dysautonomia
- Severe emotional stress
Acute renal disease
- Acute glomerulonephritis
- Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
- Acute pyelonephritis
- Renal vein thrombosis
- Vasculitides
- Transplant rejection
Metabolic disorders
- Hypernatremia
- Hypercalcemia
- Acute intermittent porphyria
- Steroid ingestion (contraceptive pills with estrogen, anabolic steroids, therapeutic)
Drug abuse
- Cocaine, amphetamines, phencyclidine
Hypervolemia
Miscellaneous
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
- Preeclampsia
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome
- Leukemia
- Mercury or lead poisoning
- Burns
- Prolonged bed rest and traction
- Hypervitaminosis A or D
- Congenital rubella
- Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
- Genitourinary tract surgery
- Closure of abdominal wall defects
- Familial chloride-losing enteropathy
- Cyclic vomiting
- Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Syndromes
- Turner syndrome
- Williams syndrome
- Cushing syndrome
CAUSES OF SUSTAINED HYPERTENSION
Miscellaneous
Obesity
Coarctation of the aorta
Takayasu syndrome
Lead poisoning
for more information check table 22-24
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