Keep an eye on children’s calories, researchers say
Most children overeat significantly when served large portions of calorie-dense popular foods, according to a Penn State study. The results suggest that manipulating calorie content and portion size can substantially reduce children’s overall caloric consumption.
Researchers in the Department of Nutritional Sciences found that caregivers can lower the calorie density (CD) of children’s meals by choosing palatable lower-CD, commercially available products, such as un-breaded, grilled chicken pieces and reduced-sugar applesauce.
“With acceptable and readily available products, strategies to reduce calories can be easily implemented in homes and childcare settings, and can be strategically combined with changes in portion size by serving larger portions of lower-CD foods with smaller portions of higher-CD foods,” said Barbara Rolls, co-author, professor and the Helen A. Guthrie Chair of Nutritional Sciences. “These strategies that moderate the effects of portion size are practical and effective in reducing calorie intake; however, policy makers and food producers need to provide the resources and products to help parents and caregivers counter pervasive influences.”
For the study, researchers varied the portion size and CD, or number of calories per bite, for lunches served to children in their normal eating environment.
When served a combination of larger portion and higher CD meals, the children’s intake increased by 175 calories, or 79 percent, in a single meal. Few children were able to resist these effects, and increasing portion size and CD of meals promoted excess calorie intake in the majority of children tested.
Researchers recently published their findings in Physiology & Behavior.
“We previously demonstrated that larger portions have a huge impact on children’s intake,” said Samantha Kling, co-author and doctoral candidate in nutritional sciences. “In this study, we found that serving larger portions of food, along with higher-calorie-density options of those foods, led to the children consuming larger amounts of food and more calories overall.”
Toddlers
Toddlers between the ages of 1 and 2 need about 45 calories per pound of body weight each day, which usually translates into something in the range of 1,000 to 1,400 calories per day. Since children this age have relatively small stomachs, this should be split between three meals and two or three snacks.
Preschoolers
Three-year-old children also need about 45 calories per pound of body weight, which is between 1,000 and 1,400 calories per day. However, 4-year-old children aren’t growing quite as quickly, so they only need about 41 calories per pound of body weight, or about 1,200 to 2,000 calories per day. Preschoolers can be quite picky and easily distracted, so it may take longer for them to eat and it may take a bit of coaxing to get them to eat a healthy mix of foods.
School-age Children
School-age children need about 1,600 to 2,500 calories per day. Children between the ages of 5 and 6 need 41 calories per pound of body weight, and those between 7 and 11 need 32 calories per pound. Don’t worry too much about your child not eating enough, since children this age usually eat when they are hungry. Serve healthy foods and encourage your child not to eat too many calories if they start to gain extra weight.
Lunch was served in three childcare centers once a week for six weeks to 120 children aged 3 to 5 years.
Across the six meals, all items were served at three levels of portion size - 100 percent, 150 percent or 200 percent, and two levels of caloric density - 100 percent or 142 percent.
The lunch menu had either lower-calorie or higher-calorie versions of chicken, macaroni and cheese, vegetables, applesauce, ketchup, and milk. Children’s ratings of the foods indicated that the lower-calorie and higher-calorie meals were similarly well liked.
The American Heart Association recommends this eating pattern for families:
Energy (calories) should be adequate to support growth and development and to reach or maintain desirable body weight.
Eat foods low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, salt (sodium), and added sugars.
Keep total fat intake between 30 to 35 percent of calories for children 2 to 3 years of age and between 25 to 35 percent of calories for children and adolescents 4 to 18 years of age, with most fats coming from sources of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, such as fish, nuts and vegetable oils.
“There is a belief that young kids can self-regulate their food intake,” Rolls said. “This study shows those signals are really easy to override.”
Strategically moderating the portion size and caloric density of foods typically consumed by children could substantially reduce their caloric intake without affecting acceptability, Rolls said.
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Other authors of the study include Kathleen Keller, assistant professor of nutritional sciences and food science; and Liane Roe, research nutritionist in nutritional sciences.
The National Institutes of Health through the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and the U.S. Department of Agriculture funded this study.
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A’ndrea Elyse Messer
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814-865-9481
Penn State