Both ICD-10 and DSM-IV provide broadly similar classifications of longitudinal course.  The subtypes of schizophrenia included in both ICD-10 and DSM-IV are paranoid, catatonic, undifferentiated and residual schizophrenia.  Hebephrenic schizophrenia is called disorganized type in DSM-IV.  The requirement for the subtypes is similar in both classification systems,  although they are more clearly operationalized in DSM-IV.

Common subtypes in ICD-10 and DSM-IV
•  Paranoid
•  Catatonic
•  Hebephrenic (disorganized in DSM-IV)
•  Residual
•  Undifferentiated

Additional subtypes in ICD-10
•  Simple
•  Postschizophrenic depression

ICD-10 also includes subcategories of simple schizophrenia and postschizophrenic depression as subtypes of schizophrenia.

ICD-10 clarifies retention of simple schizophrenia as a subtype of schizophrenia,  with the requirement of certain described features for at least 2 years because of its continued use in some countries and because of the uncertainty about its nature, which will require additional information for resolution.

Diagnosis of postpsychotic depression requires a clear diagnosis of schizophrenia within the past 12 months with the presence of some features of schizophrenia and predominant depressive symptoms, which meet a threshold of depressive episode, for 2 weeks.

In addition to a categorical description of schizophrenia subtypes, DSM-IV offers a dimensional alternative in its Appendix B:

• psychotic dimension;
• disorganized dimension; and
•   negative dimension.

ICD-10 does not give a description of any dimensions yet as these are difficult to define.

J.K. Wing and N. Agrawal

Edited by
Steven R. Hirsch
MD FRCP FRCPsych
Professor of Psychiatry Emeritus, Division of Neuroscience and Psychological Medicine Imperial College Faculty of Medicine and Director of Teaching Governance, West London Mental Health NHS Trust London, UK

Daniel R. Weinberger MD
Chief, Clinical Brain Disorders Branch Intramural Research Program National Institute of Mental Health Bethesda MD 20982, USA

References

1. American Psychiatric Association (1993) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. APA, Washington, DC.
2. Andreasen, N.C. & Carpenter, W.T. (1993) Diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin 19, 199 - 211.
3. Asperger, H. (1944/1991) Autistic psychopathy in childhood. In: Autism and Asperger Syndrome. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Translated and annotated by U. Frith, from: Die 'Autistischen Psychopathen' im Kindesalter. Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 117, 76 - 136.
4. Bentall, R.P., Jackson, H.F. & Pilgrim, D. (1988) Abandoning the concept of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychology 27, 303 - 324.
5. Berrios, G.E. & Hauser, R. (1988) The early development of Kraepelin's ideas on classification: a conceptual history. Psychological Medicine 18, 813 - 821.
6. Berze, J. (1914/1987) Primary insufficiency of mental activity. In: The Clinical Roots of the Schizophrenia Concept (eds J. Cutting & M. Shepherd), pp. 51 - 58. Translated from Chapter 4 of Die primare Insuffizienz der psychischen Aktivitat. Deuticke, Leipzig.
7. Bleuler, E. (1911/1950) Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. New York: International Universities Press. Translated by J.Zinkin from Dementia Praecox oder der Gruppe der Schizophrenien. In: Handbuch der Geisteskrankheiten (ed. G. Aschaffenburg). Deuticke, Leipzig.
8. Bleuler, E. (1919) Das Autistisch-Indisziplinierte Denken in der Medizin und Seine Uberwindung. Springer, Berlin.
9. Bush, G., Fink, M., Petrides, G. et al. (1996) Catatonia. I. Rating scale and standardised examination. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 93, 129 - 136.
10. Cohen, H. (1961) The evolution of the concept of disease. In: Concepts of Medicine (ed. B. Lush), pp. 159 - 169. Pergamon, Oxford.
11. Creer, C. & Wing, J.K. (1974) Schizophrenia at Home. National Schizophrenia Fellowship, London. [Reprinted with a new preface, 1988.]
12. Crow, T.J. (1985) The two syndrome concept: origns and current status. Schizophrenia Bulletin 11, 471 - 486.
13. Crow, T.J. (1998) Nuclear schizophrenic symptoms as a window on the relationship between thought and speech. Schizophrenia Research 28, 127 - 141.
14. Diem, O. (1903/1987) The simple dementing form of dementia praecox. In: The Clinical Roots of the Schizophrenia Concept (eds J. Cutting & M. Shepherd), pp. 25 - 34. Translated from Die einfach demente Form der Dementia Praecox. Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 37, 81 - 87.
15. Endicott, J. & Spitzer, R.L. (1978) A diagnostic interview: the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 35, 837 - 844.
16. Falret, J. (1854) Lecons Cliniques de Medicine Mentale. Bailliere, Paris.
17. Fish, F.J. (1958) Leonhard's classification of schizophrenia. Journal of Mental Science 104, 103.
18. Fisher, C.M. (1983) Abulia minor versus agitated behavior. Clinical Neurosurgery 31, 9 - 31.
19. Flaum, M. & Andreason, N.C. (1991) Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and related disorders: options for DSM-IV. Schizophrenia Bulletin 17, 143 - 156.
20. Foucault, M. (1967) Madness and Civilisation. Tavistock, London.
21. Foulds, G.A. (1965) Personality and Personal Illness. Tavistock, London.
22. Frith, C.D. & Frith, U. (1991) Elective affinities in schizophrenia and childhood autism. In: Social Psychiatry. Theory, Methodology and Practice (ed. P.E. Bebbington), pp. 65 - 88. Transaction, New Brunswick.
23. Frith, U. (1989) Autism: Explaining the Enigma. Blackwell, Oxford.
24. Frith, U. & Happe, F. (1994) Autism: beyond theory of mind. Cognition 50, 115 - 132.
25. Gillberg, C. (2002) A Guide to Asperger Syndrome. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
26. Goffman, E. (1961) Asylums. Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. Penguin, Harmonsworth.
27. Griesinger, W. (1861) Die Pathologie und Therapie der Psychischen Krankheiten. Krabbe, Stuttgart.
28. Gruhle, H.W. (1929) Psychologie der Schizophrenie. In: Psychologie der Schizophrenie (eds J. Berze & H.W. Gruhle). Springer, Berlin.
29. Jackson, J.H. (1869/1932) Certain points in the study and classification of diseases of the nervous system. Reprinted in: Selected Writings of
30. John Hughlings Jackson, Vol. 2. (ed. J. Taylor). Hodder and Stoughton, London.
31. Janzarik, W. (1984) Jaspers, Kurt Schneider und die Heidelberger Psychopathologie. Nervenarzt 55, 18 - 24.
32. Janzarik, W. (1987) The concept of schizophrenia: history and problems. In: Search for the Causes of Schizophrenia (eds H. Hafner, W.F. Gattaz & W. Janzarik). Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
33. Jaspers, K. (1946/1963) General Psychopathology. Manchester University Press, Manchester. Translated by J. Hoenig & M. Hamilton from Allgemeine Psychopathologie. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg.
34. Joseph, A.B. (1992) Catatonia. In: Movement Disorders in Neurology and Neuropsychiatry (eds A.B. Joseph & R.R. Young), pp. 335 - 342. Blackwell Scientific, Boston.
35. Kahlbaum, K. (1874/1973) Catatonia. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Translated by Y. Levij & T. Priden from Die Katatonie oder das Spannungs-Irresein. Hirschwald, Berlin.
36. Kanner, L. (1943) Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child 2, 217 - 250.
37. Kendell, R.E. (1987) Diagnosis and classification of functional psychoses. British Medical Bulletin 43, 499 - 513.
38. Kendell, R.E. (1989) Clinical validity. Psychological Medicine 19, 45 - 55.
39. Kendell, R.E. & Brockington, I.F. (1980) The identification of disease entities and the relationship between schizophrenic and affective psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry 137, 324 - 331.
40. Kendell, R.E., Cooper, J.E., Gourlay, A.J. et al. (1971) Diagnostic criteria of American and British psychiatrists. Archives of General Psychiatry 25 (2), 123 - 130.
41. Kendler, K.S. (1985) Diagnostic approaches to schizotypal personality disorder: a historical perspective. Schizophrenia Bulletin 11, 538 - 553.
42. Kleist, K. (1960) Schizophrenic symptoms and cerebral pathology.Journal of Mental Science 106, 246 - 255.
43. Kraepelin, E. (1896/1987) Dementia praecox. In: The Clinical Roots of the Schizophrenia Syndrome (eds J. Cutting & M. Shepherd), pp. 15 - 24. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Translated from Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie, 5th edn, pp. 426 - 441. Barth, Leipzig.
44. Kraepelin, E. (1920) Die Erscheinungsformen des Irreseins. Zeitschrift fur Neurologie und Psychiatrie 62, 1 - 29.
45. Kretschmer, E. (1966/1974) The sensitive delusion of reference. In: Themes and Variations in European Psychiatry (eds S.R. Hirsch & M.Shepherd). Wright, Bristol. Translated from Der sensitiver Beziehungswahn. Springer, Heidelberg.
46. Laing, R.D. & Esterson, A. (1964) Sanity: Madness and the Family. Tavistock, London.
47. Leekam, S.R., Libby, S.J., Wing, L. et al. (2002) The diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders. Algorithms for ICD 10 childhood autism and autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 43, 325 - 327.
48. Leonhard, K. (1957) Aufteilung der Endogenen Psychosen. Akademie Verlag, Berlin.
49. Locke, J. (1959) Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Vol. 1, 2nd edn (ed. A.C. Fraser ). Dover, New York.
50. Lorr, M. (1966) Explorations in Typing Psychotics. Pergamon, London.
51. McKenna, P.J., Lund, C.E., Mortimer, A.M. & Biggins, C.A. (1991)
52. Motor, volitional and behavioural disorders in schizophrenia. II. The 'conflict of paradigms' hypothesis. British Journal of Psychiatry 158, 328 - 336.
53. Magnan, V. (1893) Lecons Cliniques Sur les Maladies Mentales. Battaille, Paris.
54. Robins, L.N., Wing, J., Wittchen, H.U. et al. (1988) The Composite International Diagnostic Interview: an epidemiological instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures. Archives of General Psychiatry 45, 1069 - 1077.
55. Rogers, D. (1992) Motor Disorder in Psychiatry: Towards a Neurological Psychiatry. Wiley, New York.
56. Scheff, T.J. (1966) Being Mentally Ill. Aldine, Chicago.
57. Schneider, K. (1959) Clinical Psychopathology. Translated by M.W.Hamilton. Grune & Stratton, New York.
58. Schneider, K. (1976) Klinische Psychopathologie, 11th edn. Thieme, Stuttgart.
59. Spitzer, R.L., Endicott, J. & Robins, E. (1975) Research Diagnostic Criteria: Rationale and Reliability. Hodder and Stoughton, London.
60. Sturt, E. (1981) Hierarchical patterns in the distribution of psychiatric symptoms. Psychological Medicine 11, 783 - 794.
61. Szasz, T. (1971) The Manufacture of Madness. Routledge, London. Tantam, D. (1988) Asperger's syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 29, 245 - 255.
62. Wing, J.K. (1961) A simple and reliable subclassification of chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Mental Science 107, 862 - 875.
63. Wing, J.K., ed. (1975) Schizophrenia from Within. National Schizophrenia Fellowship, London.
64. Wing, J.K. (1978) Reasoning About Madness. Oxford University Press, London.
65. Wing, J.K. (1991) Social psychiatry. In: Social Psychiatry: Theory, Methodology and Practice (ed. P.E. Bebbington), pp. 3 - 22. Transaction, New Brunswick.
66. Wing, J.K. & Brown, G.W. (1961) Social treatment of chronic schizophrenia: a comparative survey of three mental hospitals. Journal of Mental Science 107, 847 - 861.
67. Wing, J.K. & Brown, G.W. (1970). Institutionalism and Schizophrenia.Cambridge University Press, London.
68. Wing, J.K., Cooper, J.E. & Sartorius, N. (1974) The Description and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms: an Instruction Manual for the PSE and CATEGO System. Cambridge University Press, London.
69. Wing, J.K., Sartorius, N. & Ustun, T.B. (1998) Diagnosis and Clinical Measurement in Psychiatry: the SCAN System. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
70. Wing, L. (1981) Asperger's syndrome. Psychological Medicine 11, 115 - 129.
71. Wing, L. (1982) Development of concepts, classification and relationship to mental retardation. In: Psychoses of Uncertain Aetiology (eds
72. J.K. Wing & L.G. Wing), pp. 185 - 190. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
73. Wing, L. (2000) Past and future research on Asperger Syndrome. In: Asperger Syndrome (eds A. Klin, F. Volkmar & S. Sparrow). Guildford Press, New York.
74. Wing, L. & Gould, J. (1979) Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder 9, 11 - 29.
75. Wing, L. & Shah, A. (2000) Catatonia in autistic spectrum disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry 176, 357 - 362.
76. Wing, L., Leekam, S.R., Libby, S.J. et al. (2002) The diagnostic interview for social and communication disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 43, 307 - 325.
77. Wolff, S. (1995) Loners: The Life Path of Unusual Children. Routledge, London.
78. World Health Organization (1973) The International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. WHO, Geneva.
79. World Health Organization (1993) The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research. WHO, Geneva.
80. World Health Organization (1999) Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. World Health Organization, Geneva.