The therapeutic challenge for nutrition for type 2 diabetes is not only for glucose control,  but to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce the level of risk factors for…

Pregnancy may be associated with several ocular changes, including the development of new ocular conditions or modifications of existing conditions. The most common ocular condition modified by…

Various factors influence the progression of diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy. They include the pregnant state itself, duration of diabetes, degree of retinopathy at conception, metabolic control before and…

As mentioned previously, diabetic retinopathy has a high regression rate in the end of pregnancy or in the postpartum period. The DCCT’s ancillary study was able to assess for any…

The etiological heterogeneity of idiopathic diabetes has been recognized for 25 years, and subdivision into type 1 and type 2 diabetes is fundamental to the way we think about the disease.…

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is carbohydrate intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. This diagnosis is independent of insulin use or persistence of the condition after the pregnancy and does not apply to…

Over the last decade there has been increasing interest in the clinical association between hypertension and diabetes. Although a recent consensus statement has provided guidelines for the management of hypertension…

The onset of type 1 diabetes is usually abrupt whereas type 2 diabetes is often present for years without overt signs or symptoms. Patients with undiagnosed diabetes may present…

While patients with type 2 were not studied in the DCCT, the eye, kidney, and nerve abnormalities are quite similar in both types of diabetes, and it is likely that similar…

A. HYPERGLYCEMIA SECONDARY TO OTHER CAUSES
Secondary hyperglycemia has been associated with various disorders of insulin target tissues (liver, muscle, and adipose tissue). Other secondary causes of carbohydrate intolerance include endocrine disorders…

A fundamental controversy regarding whether diabetic microangiopathy is related exclusively to the existence and duration of hyperglycemia or whether it reflects a separate genetic disorder have been resolved by the findings of the…

1.

Urinalysis

-
  a. Glucosuria -  A specific and convenient method to detect glucosuria is the paper strip impregnated with glucose oxidase and a chromogen system (Clinistix, Diastix), which…

Patients with type 1 diabetes have a characteristic symptom complex. An absolute deficiency of insulin results in accumulation of circulating glucose and fatty acids, with consequent hyperosmolality and hyperketonemia.

Patients with type 2…

Twenty-five percent of the general nonobese nondiabetic population has insulin resistance of a magnitude similar to that seen in type 2 diabetes. These insulin-resistant nondiabetic individuals are at much higher…