Can one model the social deficits of autism and schizophrenia in animals?
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The use of animal models to study human disease is essential to help advance our understanding of disease and to develop new therapeutic treatments.
Social deficits are common in several psychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. Individuals with severe social dysfunction can experience significant difficulties with everyday functioning.
Oxytocin and vasopressin are hormones that play key roles in emotional and social behaviors and bonding. Oxytocin has been suggested as a treatment to improve social behavior in individuals with autism, and initial studies in humans appear promising.
Now, scientists have further characterized a mouse model that provides some insights into biological factors related to social deficits, by comparing mice that had their oxytocin receptor gene made inactive, using a specialized technique called genetic knockout, with unaltered mice.
The knockout mice (OTR-/-) displayed impaired social behavior, increased aggression and reduced cognitive flexibility leading to resistance to change. These behaviors returned to normal when the OTR-/- mice were given oxytocin or vasopressin treatment.
“These findings confirm and highlight the importance of oxytocin for social behaviors. This animal model also may be useful in evaluating the effectiveness of drugs, including vasopressin agonists, that may help improve social behavior in autism, schizophrenia, and other disorders,” said Dr. John Krystal, Editor of Biological Psychiatry, the journal publishing these results.
“While no animal model can be expected to replicate the full complexity of the human behavioral autistic phenotype, the OTR-/- mouse may really help to understand the co-occurrence of these symptoms as a syndrome,” explained Dr. Bice Chini, author and senior researcher of CNR - Institute of Neuroscience, Milano.
One important goal now is to fully characterize the neurodevelopmental processes modulated by oxytocin and vasopressin in order to fully understand their ability to reverse autistic symptoms.
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Notes to Editors
The article is “Pharmacologic Rescue of Impaired Cognitive Flexibility, Social Deficits, Increased Aggression, and Seizure Susceptibility in Oxytocin Receptor Null Mice: A Neurobehavioral Model of Autism” by Mariaelvina Sala, Daniela Braida, Daniela Lentini, Marta Busnelli, Elisabetta Bulgheroni, Valeria Capurro, Annamaria Finardi, Andrea Donzelli, Linda Pattini, Tiziana Rubino, Daniela Parolaro, Katsuhiko Nishimori, Marco Parenti, and Bice Chini. Sala, Braida, Busnelli, Capurro, Finardi, and Donzelli are affiliated with the Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. Lentini and Parenti are affiliated with the Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy. Busnelli, Bulgheroni, and Chini are from the Institute of Neuroscience, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy. Pattini is from the Department Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy. Rubino and Parolaro are with the Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio, Varese, Italy. Nishimori is affiliated with the Department Molecular and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. The article appears in Biological Psychiatry, Volume 69, Number 9 (May 1, 2011), published by Elsevier.
The authors’ disclosures of financial and conflicts of interests are available in the article.
John H. Krystal, M.D. is Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the Yale University School of Medicine and a research psychiatrist at the VA Connecticut Healthcare System. His disclosures of financial and conflicts of interests are available at http://journals.elsevierhealth.com/webfiles/images/journals/BPS/Biological_Psychiatry_Editorial_Disclosures_03_29_11.pdf.
Full text of the article mentioned above is available upon request. Contact Chris J. Pfister at to obtain a copy or to schedule an interview.
About Biological Psychiatry
This international rapid-publication journal is the official journal of the Society of Biological Psychiatry. It covers a broad range of topics in psychiatric neuroscience and therapeutics. Both basic and clinical contributions are encouraged from all disciplines and research areas relevant to the pathophysiology and treatment of major neuropsychiatric disorders. Full-length reports of novel results, commentaries, case studies of unusual significance, and correspondence judged to be of high impact to the field are published, particularly those addressing genetic and environmental risk factors, neural circuitry and neurochemistry, and important new therapeutic approaches. Concise reviews and editorials that focus on topics of current research and interest are also published rapidly.
Biological Psychiatry (http://www.sobp.org/journal) is ranked 4th out of 117 Psychiatry titles and 13th out of 230 Neurosciences titles in the 2009 ISI Journal Citations Reports® published by Thomson Reuters. The 2009 Impact Factor score for Biological Psychiatry has increased to 8.926.
About Elsevier
Elsevier is a world-leading publisher of scientific, technical and medical information products and services. The company works in partnership with the global science and health communities to publish more than 2,000 journals, including The Lancet and Cell, and close to 20,000 book titles, including major reference works from Mosby and Saunders. Elsevier’s online solutions include SciVerse ScienceDirect, SciVerse Scopus, Reaxys, MD Consult and Nursing Consult, which enhance the productivity of science and health professionals, and the SciVal suite and MEDai’s Pinpoint Review, which help research and health care institutions deliver better outcomes more cost-effectively.
A global business headquartered in Amsterdam, Elsevier employs 7,000 people worldwide. The company is part of Reed Elsevier Group PLC, a world-leading publisher and information provider, which is jointly owned by Reed Elsevier PLC and Reed Elsevier NV. The ticker symbols are REN (Euronext Amsterdam), REL (London Stock Exchange), RUK and ENL (New York Stock Exchange).
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Contact: Chris J. Pfister
215-239-3266
Elsevier
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The usage of animals on experiments with treating human diseases is just fine as long as it considers both parties by not harming one or the other. Most discoveries and breakthroughs on the medical field are often rooted with this kind of studies so I think it’s good enough to start on this. In fact, if the human race can have better insights on behavioral problems and be given with the most probable and possible solutions, then who are we to object about this benefits?
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