New HIV-vaccine tested on people
Scientists from the Antwerp Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital and Antwerp University have tested a new ‘therapeutic vaccine’ against HIV on volunteers. The participants were so to say vaccinated with their own cells. The researchers filtered certain white blood cells out of the volunteer’s blood, ‘loaded’ them outside the body and then gave them back. The immune system of the testees was better than before in attacking and suppressing the virus, the scientists reported in the top journal AIDS. But they still cannot cure the disease.
Actually, medical science can control an HIV-infection quite well, with a medicine cocktail. ‘Seropositive’ people (people who are infected with the HIV virus) now can lead a reasonably normal life, but their virus is not exterminated. When they stop the treatment it immediately rebounds.
Science knows what the problem is: the ‘special forces’ in our blood (the CD8 cells, in medical lingo) get not enough support from the general staff (the dendritic cells, that show the combat units what to attack). Dendritic cells exhibit on their exterior typical parts of the virus to be attacked. But human dendritic cells are not that good in getting the right information on the HIV virus and to transform it into good examples for the CD8 battle cells.
The virologists and HIV-physicians of the Institute of Tropical Medicine and the haematologists of Antwerp University Hospital have cooperated for years on that problem. Together they succeeded to ‘load’ dendritic cells of seropositive volunteers in the lab with the building instructions (genetic information in the form of so-called messenger RNA) for HIV proteins. They could make the dendritic cells to execute the instructions and to exhibit the resulting typical part of the HIV virus on their surface. Subsequent research in test tubes demonstrated that the ‘loaded’ dendritic cells were able to activate battle cells.
Time had come to proceed to humans. Flemish, Belgian and French research foundations provided grants. Six seropositive persons who for a long time already used the drug cocktails, were prepared to volunteer. The scientists filtered the dendritic cells from a large volume of their blood, cultivated them in test tubes in the cell-therapy unit of the Antwerp University Hospital and provided them with the genetic instructions of an HIV virus. They then froze the loaded cells.
Therapeutic HIV vaccines show promise
The world buzzed last week with news that an antiretroviral gel can halve the incidence of HIV infection in women.
But a quieter buzz could be heard at the International AIDS Conference (AIDS 2010) in Vienna, where the gel results were unveiled. At a special session, included in the program at the last minute, attendees heard the results of a handful of successful, but small, early-phase clinical trials for therapeutic vaccines - once thought to be a dead end for tackling HIV.
Normal vaccines are designed to prevent infections, but so far none has worked for HIV. Therapeutic vaccines, in contrast, aim to treat infected people - in the case of HIV, by boosting ravaged immune systems. Initial clinical trials in the 1990s were disappointing, however, and the vaccines fell from scientific fashion.
The volunteers received four times, with four-week intervals, a small quantity of their own reworked dendritic cells. And indeed, after each vaccination the CD8 battle cells in their bodies recognised the virus better and better, while the vaccination had virtually no side effects. The most important result was that the vaccine-activated battle cells became better and better in suppressing the virus, in test tubes for the moment. But HIV remains a disguise artist; it still succeeds in changing its proteins sufficiently fast and often to let at least a few viruses escape the attack.
Therapeutic HIV Vaccine Promising in Early Study
A therapeutic HIV vaccine appears to reverse some of the immune dysfunction caused by the virus, researchers reported.
According to preliminary data from a randomized phase II trial, a vaccine against the HIV protein Tat was both safe and immunogenic, according to Barbara Ensoli, MD, PhD, of the National AIDS Center of the Istituto Superiore di Sanità in Rome, and colleagues.
But in patients with fully suppressed HIV replication, the vaccine also appeared to improve a range of markers of immune function, Ensoli and colleagues reported online in PLoS One.
Even when highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) slows HIV replication, there is often enough growth to cause continued immune activation in patients, Ensoli and colleagues noted, and immune homeostasis is impaired.
So it remains impossible to cure AIDS, but the results are encouraging: the vaccine, made of the participant’s own dendritic cells, is safe and has some therapeutic effect, be it a limited one. But sufficiently strong for a publication in the most renowned journal for HIV researchers, AIDS. And more than sufficient to enthuse and motivate the Antwerp scientists.
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prof Guido Vanham
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32-324-76228
Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp