A signature abnormality of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is the decline in the number of CD4 lymphocytes over time. However, other cytopenias also are seen in advanced disease, with anemia reported in 60%,…

The incidence of Hodgkin’s disease has been estimated to be up to 18-fold greater in HIV-infected individuals compared to the HIV-seronegative population. In patients with HIV infection and Hodgkin’s disease, the clinical presentation usually includes…

B-cell lymphoma frequently occurs in immunosuppressed individuals. Genetic disorders of the immune system such as Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, as well as immunosuppressive therapy used in organ transplantation, are associated with malignant transformation of B cells and…

Kaposi’s sarcoma is the most frequent neoplastic manifestation of HIV infection and is one of the CDC criteria that define an HIV-infected individual as having AIDS. AIDS-associated KS more frequently is seen among homosexual or…

Suppression of leukocyte or erythrocyte production can be a limiting factor in treating HIV infection or its complications. This problem has become less limiting with newer antiretroviral therapies and better control of HIV-1. However,…

Anemia increases in incidence in HIV-infected patients as their degree of immune dysfunction worsens. The anemia is usually normochromic and normocytic with iron studies that are either normal or indicative of chronic disease. Occasionally the vitamin…

Neutropenia occurs in the HIV-infected patient in concert with decreases in other cell counts with progressive deterioration of the immune system. In addition to neutropenia, neutrophil dysfunction has been reported in AIDS. The extent to which…

Thrombocytopenia may be a presenting laboratory finding in an otherwise asymptomatic HIV-infected person. HIV infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of thrombocytopenia, and the history should include questions regarding risk factors for infection. Clinically…