Complex regional pain syndrome

Alternative names

CRPS; RSDS; Causalgia; Shoulder-hand syndrome; Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome; Sudeck's atrophy

Definition

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a Chronic pain syndrome with two forms. CRPS 1 currently replaces the term "Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome". It is a chronic nerve disorder that occurs most often in the arms or legs after a minor or major injury.

CRPS 1 is associated with severe pain; changes in the nails, bone, and skin; and an increased sensitivity to touch in the affected limb. CRPS 2 replaces the term causalgia, and results from an identified injury to the nerve.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

CRPS often develops after an injury or infection that has occurred in an arm or leg. It can also occur after Heart attacks and Strokes. However, the condition can sometimes appear without obvious injury to the affected limb.

The cause of CRPS is not completely understood. It is thought to result from damage to the nervous system, including the nerves that control the blood vessels and sweat glands.

The damaged nerves are no longer able to properly control blood flow, sensation, and temperature to the affected area. This leads to medical problems in the nerves, blood vessels, skin, bones, and muscles.

This condition is more common in people between the ages of 40-60, but has been seen in younger people too.

Symptoms

In most cases CRPS has 3 stages. Often, however, CRPS does not follow this progression. Some people go into the later stages almost immediately. Others remain in Stage 1 indefinitely.

Stage 1 (lasts 1-3 months)

• Severe burning, aching pain increasing with the slightest touch or breeze
  
• Swelling with warmth or coolness
  
• Skin becomes dry and thin, changes color
  
• Increased nail and hair growth
  
• Pain may move further up or down the affected limb
  

Stage 2 (lasts 3-6 months)

• Swelling spreads
  
• Noticeable changes in skin texture and color
  
• Decreased hair growth