Diagnosing Schizophrenia

Emilio is a 40-year-old man who came to the hospital with his mother. He is dressed in a dirty coat, bedroom slippers, and a baseball cap and has several medals hanging around his neck. He appears to be angry at his mother, claiming that she is poisoning him. Sometimes he giggles and acts seductively toward the interviewer. He talks like a child and walks with a swing in his step and exaggerated hip movements.

His mother tells the interviewer that Emilio stopped taking his medication a month ago and that since then, he has begun to hear voices and act more and more bizarrely. When he is asked what he has been doing lately, he responds, "eating wires and lighting fires." His speech is difficult to understand and he often rhymes his words even if the rhymes do not make sense.

Emilio dropped out of high school when he was 16. He was hospitalized because he was hearing voices telling him that the principal of his high school was trying to kill him. Emilio receives medications for his symptoms during every hospitalization. Within a few months, however, he often stops taking his medications and eventually returns to the hospital. He lives with his mother but occasionally leaves her house and disappears for months at a time.

On these occasions, Emilio has been picked up by the police for his behavior and returned to a psychiatric hospital.

Emilio's behaviors worry his mother. Like many patients with schizophrenia, Emilio was first brought to the hospital at an early age. Although many patients receive psychiatric treatment early, it often takes many visits over many years for a psychiatrist to determine the proper diagnosis of schizophrenia and decide on an appropriate treatment regimen. In fact, according to one study, there is an average delay of 10 years from the first onset of symptoms to correct diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders.

For schizophrenia specifically, the time lag between the appearance of the first sign of a mental disorder and the first hospital admission with the diagnosis of schizophrenia averages over six years. In order for a patient with schizophrenia to receive proper treatment, mental health professionals must be able to identify a pattern of behaviors, or symptoms, of the disease. Once the symptoms are identified, a diagnosis is made and treatment can begin.

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