TABLE 22-21. MECHANISMS PRODUCING HYPERTENSION
| TABLE 22-21. MECHANISMS PRODUCING HYPERTENSION |
Increased cardiac output Sympathetic stimulation (anxiety) Increased blood volume Infused blood or saline Excess salt intake Renal failure (decreased GFR) Mineralocorticoid excess |
Increased peripheral resistance α-Adrenergic receptor stimulation Stimulation of certain cortical and hypothalamic centers Effect of angiotensin on area postrema Decreased baroreceptor inhibition Increased circulating catecholamines Pheochromocytoma Neuroblastoma Increased sensitivity to local catecholamines Glucocorticoids Inhibit catechol-ortho-methyltransferase Angiotensin Stimulates norepinephrine formation and release Inhibits neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine ? Vasopressin Increased renin-angiotensin activity Renal parenchymal disease Renal artery obstruction: thrombosis, stenosis Renal vein thrombosis (late) Renin-secreting tumor of juxtamedullary cells Wilms tumor Mechanical factors Coarctation of the aorta Thickened arteriolar medial muscle, often secondary to hypertension Increased sodium content of arteriolar walls Polycythemia Decreased production of vasodilators (all but the first are putative) Renal prostaglandins, possible cause of preeclampsia Dopamine Kallikrein Bradykinin Atrial natriopeptide |