|
Table 14-6. General principles of teratology. |
|
Mechanisms |
Mutation |
|
|
Chromosome disruption |
|
|
Mitotic interference |
|
|
Altered nucleic acid integrity or function |
|
|
Precursor or substrate deprivation |
|
|
Altered energy sources |
|
|
Changed membrane characteristics |
|
|
Altered osmolar balance |
|
|
Enzyme inhibition |
|
Pathogenesis |
Excessive or reduced cell interactions |
|
|
Failed cell interactions |
|
|
Reproduced biosynthesis |
|
|
Impeded morphogenetic movement |
|
|
Mechanical disruption of tissues |
|
Common pathways |
Too few cells or cell products to affect localized morphogenesis or functional maturation |
|
|
Other imbalances in growth and differentiation |
|
Final defects |
Malformation |
|
|
Growth retardation |
|
|
Functional disorder |
|
|
Death |
|
Modified and reproduced, with permission, from Wilson JG: Current status of teratology: General principles and mechanisms derived from animal studies. In: Handbook of Teratology. Vol 1. Wilson JG, Fraser FC (editors): Plenum Press, 1977. |
| |
