References

References

Male Reproductive Physiology

Aitken RJ, West K, Buckingham D: Leukocytic infiltration into the human ejaculate and its association with semen quality, oxidative stress, and sperm function. J Androl 1994;15:343.

Amann RP, Howards SS: Daily spermatozoal production and epididymal spermatozoal reserves of the human male. J Urol 1980;124:211.

Hess RA et al: A role for estrogens in the male reproductive system. Nature 1997;390:509.

Mather JP, Woodruff TK, Krummen LA: Paracrine regulation of reproductive function by inhibin and activin. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1992;20:1.

Turek PJ: Immunopathology and infertility. In: Lipshultz LI, Howards SS (editors): Infertility in the Male, 3rd ed. Mosby Year Book, 1997.

Turek PJ et al: Observations on seminal vesicle dynamics in an in vivo rat model. J Urol 1998;159:1731.

Von Eckardstein S et al: Serum inhibin B in combination with FSH is a more sensitive marker than FSH alone for impaired spermatogenesis in men, but cannot predict the presence of sperm in testicular tissue samples. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;2496.

Whitmore WF, Kars L, Gittes RF: The role of germinal epithelium and spermatogenesis in the privileged survival of intratesticular grafts. J Urol 1985;134:782.

Diagnosis Of Male Infertility

Aitken R et al: Analysis of the relationship between defective sperm function and the generation of reactive oxygen species in cases of oligozoospermia. J Androl 1989;10:214.

Carlsen E et al: Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during the past 50 years. Br Med J 1992;105:609.

Cayan S et al: Response to varicocelectomy in oligospermic infertile men with and without coexisting genetic infertility. Urology 2001;57:530.

Clarke GN, Elliot PJ, Smaila C: Detection of sperm antibodies in semen using the immunobead test: A survey of 813 consecutive patients. Am J Reprod Immunol Microbiol 1985;7:118.

Clifton DK, Bremner WJ: The effect of testicular X-irradiation on spermatogenesis in man. J Androl 1983;4:387.

Davis RO, Katz DF: Computer-aided sperm analysis: Technology at a crossroads. Fertil Steril 1993;59:953.

Guzick DS et al: Sperm morphology, motility and concentration in fertile and infertile men. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1388.

Kruger TF et al: Predictive value of abnormal sperm morphology in in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 1988;49:112.

Liu DY, Baker WHG: Tests of human sperm function and fertilization in vitro. Fertil Steril 1992;58:465.

MacLeod J, Gold RZ: The male factor in fertility and infertility: Spermatozoan counts in 1000 men of known fertility and in 1000 cases of infertile marriage. J Urol 1951;66:436.

MacLeod J, Hitchkiss RS: The effects of hyperpyrexia on spermatozoa counts in men. Endocrinology 1941;28:780.

McClure RD, Hricak H: Scrotal ultrasound in the infertile man: Detection of subclinical unilateral and bilateral varicoceles. J Urol 1986;135:711.

Meacham RB, Hellerstein DK, Lipshultz LI: Evaluation and treatment of ejaculatory duct obstruction in the infertile male. Fertil Steril 1993;59:393.

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Meng MV et al: Impaired spermatogenesis in men with congenital absence of the vas deferens. Hum Reprod 2001;16:529.

Petros JA et al: Correlation of testicular color Doppler ultrasonography, physical examination and venography in the detection of left varicoceles in men with infertility. J Urol 1991;145:785.

Rodriguez-Rigau LJ, Smith KD, Steinberger E: Varicocele and the morphology of spermatozoa. Fertil Steril 1981;35:54.

Schlegel PN, Chang TSK, Marshall FF: Antibiotics: Potential hazards to male fertility. Fertil Steril 1991;55:235.

Sigman M, Jarow JP: Medical evaluation of infertile men. Urology 1997;50:659.

Sigman M, Lipshultz LI, Howards SS: Evaluation of the subfertile male. In: Lipshultz LI, Howards SS (editors): Infertility in the Male, 3rd ed. Mosby Year Book, 1997.

Turek PJ et al: Diagnostic findings from testis fine needle aspiration mapping in obstructed and non-obstructed azoospermic men. J Urol 2000;163:1709.

Urban MD, Lee PA, Migeon CJ: Adult height and fertility in men with congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 1978;299:1392.

Weintraub MP, De Mouy E, Hellstrom WJG: Newer modalities in the diagnosis and treatment of ejaculatory duct obstruction. J Urol 1993;150:1150.

World Health Organization: WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Sperm-Cervical Mucus Interaction, 3rd ed. Cambridge Univ Press, 1992.

Zamboni L: The ultrastructural pathology of the spermatozoa as a cause of infertility: The role of electron microscopy in the evaluation of semen quality. Fertil Steril 1987;48:711.

Causes of Male Infertility - Pretesticular

Aiman J et al: Androgen insensitivity as a cause of infertility in otherwise normal men. N Engl J Med 1979;300:223.

Carter JN et al: Prolactin-secreting tumors and hypogonadism in 22 men. N Engl J Med 1978;299:847.

Fairman C et al: The "fertile eunuch" syndrome: Demonstration of isolated luteinizing hormone deficiency by radioimmunoassay technique. Mayo Clin Proc 1968;43:661.

Griffin JE: Androgen resistance: The clinical and molecular spectrum. N Engl J Med 1992;326:611.

Lieblich JM et al: Syndrome of anosmia with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (Kallmann syndrome): Clinical and laboratory studies in 23 cases. Am J Med 1982;73:506.

Mozaffarian GA, Higley M, Paulsen CA: Clinical studies in an adult male patient with "isolated follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) deficiency." J Androl 1983;4:393.

Causes of Male Infertility - Testicular

Aiman J, Griffin JE: The frequency of androgen receptor deficiency in infertile men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1982;54:725.

Aynsley-Green A et al: Congenital bilateral anorchia in childhood: A clinical, endocrine and therapeutic evaluation of twenty-one cases. Clin Endocrinol 1976;5:381.

Coburn M, Wheeler TM, Lipshultz LI: Testicular biopsy: Its uses and limitations. Urol Clin North Am 1987;14:551.

Gorelick J, Goldstein M: Loss of fertility in men with varicocele. Fertil Steril 1993;59:613.

Kass EJ, Belman B: Reversal of testicular growth failure by varicocele ligation. J Urol 1987;137:475.

Kjessler B: Chromosomal constitution and male reproductive failure. In: Mancini RE, Martini L (editors): Male Fertility and Sterility. Academic Press, 1974.

Kostiner DR, Turek PJ, Reijo RA: Male infertility: Analysis of the markers and genes on the human Y chromosome. Hum Reprod 1998;13:3032.

Lipshultz LI et al: Testicular function after orchiopexy for unilaterally undescended testis. N Engl J Med 1976;295:15.

Okuyama M et al: Surgical repair of varicocele at puberty: Preventive treatment for fertility improvement. J Urol 1988; 139:562.

Turek PJ, Lowther DN, Carroll PA: Fertility issues and their management in men with testis cancer. Urol Clin North Am 1998;25:517.

Turek PJ et al: The reversibility of anabolic-induced azoospermia. J Urol 1995;153:1628.

World Health Organization: The influence of varicocele on parameters of fertility in a large group of men presenting to infertility clinics. Fertil Steril 1992;57:1289.

Causes of Male Infertility - Posttesticular

Afzelius BA, Mossberg B: The immotile-cilia syndrome including Kartagener's syndrome. In: Stanbury JB et al (editor): The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease, 5th ed. McGraw-Hill, 1983.

Chillon M et al: Mutations in the cystic fibrosis gene in patients with congenital absence of the vas deferens. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1475.

Handelsman DJ et al: Young's syndrome: Obstructive azoospermia and chronic sinopulmonary infections. N Engl J Med 1984; 310:3.

Jaffe T, Oates RD: Genetic abnormalities and reproductive failure. Urol Clin North Am 1994;21:389.

Matsuda T, Horii Y, Yoshida O: Obstructive azoospermia of unknown origin: Sites of obstruction and surgical outcomes. J Urol 1994;151:1543.

Matsumiya K et al: Clinical study of azoospermia. Int J Androl 1994;17:140.

Nagler HM, Deitch AD, deVere White R: Testicular torsion: Temporal considerations. Fertil Steril 1984;42:257.

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Genetic Causes of Male Infertility

Kent-First MG et al: Infertility in intracytoplasmic-sperm-injection-derived sons. Lancet 1996;348:332.

Kuroda-Kawaguchi T et al: The AZFc region of the Y chromosome features massive palindromes and uniform recurrent deletions in infertile men. Nat Genet 2001;29:279.

Mak V, Jarvi K: The genetics of male infertility. J Urol 1996; 156:1245.

Mulhall JP et al: Azoospermic men with deletion of the DAZ gene cluster are capable of completing spermatogenesis: Fertilization, normal embryonic development and pregnancy occur when retrieved testicular spermatozoa are used for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod 1997;12:503.

Nudell D et al: Increased frequency of mutations in DNA from infertile men with meiotic arrest. Hum Reprod 2000;15:1289.

Pryor JL et al: Microdeletions in the Y chromosome of infertile men. N Engl J Med 1997;336:534.

Reijo R et al: Diverse spermatogenic defects in humans caused by Y chromosome deletions encompassing a novel RNA-binding protein gene. Nat Genet 1995;10:383.

Reijo R et al: Severe oligospermia resulting from deletions of the Azoospermia Factor gene on the Y chromosome. Lancet 1996;347:1290.

Tiepolo L, Zuffardi O: Localization of factors controlling spermatogenesis in the nonfluorescent portion of the human Y chromosome long arm. Hum Genet 1976;34:119.

Xu EY, Moore FL, Reijo Pera RA: A gene family required for human germ cell development evolved from an ancient meiotic gene conserved in metazoans. Proc Nat Acad Sci (USA) 2001;98:7414.

Treatment of Male Infertility

Anguiano A et al: Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens: A primarily genital form of cystic fibrosis. JAMA 1992; 267:1794.

Baker WHG et al: Protective effect of antioxidants on the impairment of semen motility by activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Fertil Steril 1996;65:411.

Belker AM et al: Results of 1,469 microsurgical vasectomy reversals by the vasovasostomy study group. J Urol 1991;145:505.

Bennett CJ et al: Sexual dysfunction and electroejaculation in men with spinal cord injury: Review. J Urol 1988;139:453.

Branigan EF, Muller CH: Efficacy of treatment and recurrence rate of leukocytospermia in infertile men with prostatitis. Fertil Steril 1994;62:580.

Burris AS et al: A low sperm concentration does not preclude fertility in men with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism after gonadotropin therapy. Fertil Steril 1988;50:343.

Cohen J et al: In vitro fertilization: A treatment for male infertility. Fertil Steril 1985;43:422.

Damani MN et al: Post-chemotherapy ejaculatory azoospermia: Fatherhood with sperm from testis tissue using intracytoplasmic sperm injection. J Clin Oncology 2002;20:930.

Devroey P et al: Pregnancies after testicular sperm extraction and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod 1995;10:1457.

Enquist E, Stein BS, Sigman M: Laparoscopic versus subinguinal varicocelectomy: A comparative study. Fertil Steril 1994; 61:1092.

Goldstein M: The Surgery of Male Infertility. Saunders, 1995.

Goldstein M et al: Microsurgical inguinal varicocelectomy with delivery of the testis: An artery and lymphatic sparing technique. J Urol 1992;148:1808.

Haas GG Jr, Manganiello P: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the use of methylprednisolone in infertile men with sperm-associated immunoglobulins. Fertil Steril 1987; 47:295.

Hendry WF et al: Comparison of prednisolone and placebo in subfertile men with antibodies to spermatozoa. Lancet 1990; 335:85.

Kadioglu A et al: Does response to treatment of ejaculatory duct obstruction in infertile men vary with pathology? Fertil Steril 2001;76:138.

Madgar I et al: Controlled trial of high spermatic vein ligation for varicocele in infertile men. Fertil Steril 1995;63:120.

Matthews GJ, Schlegel PN, Goldstein M: Patency following microsurgical vasoepididymostomy and vasovasostomy: Temporal considerations. J Urol 1993;154:2070.

Nudell DM et al: The mini-MESA for sperm retrieval: A study of urological outcomes. Hum Reprod 1998;13:1260.

Ovesen P et al: Growth hormone treatment of subfertile males. Fertil Steril 1996;66:292.

Royle MG, Hendry WF: Why does vasectomy reversal fail? Br J Urol 1988;57:780.

Schoysman R et al: Pregnancy after fertilisation with human testicular spermatozoa. (Letter.) Lancet 1993;342:1237.

Sharlip ID: What is the best pregnancy rate that may be expected from vasectomy reversal? J Urol 1993;149:1469.

Steckel J, Dicker AP, Goldstein M: Relationship between varicocele size and response to varicocelectomy. J Urol 1993;149:769.

Tournaye H et al: Are there predictive factors for successful testicular sperm recovery in azoospermic patients? Hum Reprod 1997;12:80.

Turek PJ, Magana JO, Lipshultz LI: Semen parameters before and after transurethral surgery for ejaculatory duct obstruction. J Urol 1996;155:1291.

Van Steirteghem AC et al: High fertilization and implantation rates after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod 1993; 8:1061.