TABLE 1-17-2 -Erikson's Life Cycle stages

Trust versus mistrust	Birth to 18 mos.	The infant has many needs but does not have the power to have those needs met. The child is dependent on caretakers. If caretaking is appropriate, a sense of trust and hope are created. If inappropriate or inadequate, mistrust develops.
Autonomy versus shame	18 mos. to 3 yrs.	The child is learning about the use of language and control of bowel and bladder function and walking. As a result, it begins to choose to influence and explore the world. If caretaking is appropriate, the child will develop a healthy balance between exerting its autonomy and feeling shame over the consequences of exerting autonomy.
Initiative versus guilt	3-5 yrs.	As the child develops increasing control of language and walking, he or she has increased initiative to explore the world. The potential for action carries with it the risk of guilt at indulging forbidden wishes.
Industry versus inferiority	5-13 yrs.	The child begins to develop a sense of self based on the things he or she creates. Caretaker influences are important in helping the child develop a sense of mastery and competence over creating.
Identity versus role confusion	13-21 yrs.	Corresponds to adolescence. How one appears to others is important in this stage. There are conflicts between one's identity and the need to gain acceptance.
Intimacy versus isolation	21-40 yrs.	The anxiety and vulnerability produced by intimacy are balanced against the loneliness produced by isolation.
Generativity versus stagnation	40-60 yrs.	If successful, the individual develops a positive view of his or her role in life and a sense of commitment to society at large. If unsuccessful, individuals move through life without concern for the greater welfare.
Ego integrity versus despair	60 yrs. to death	An individual accepts his or her life course as appropriate and necessary. If this fails, the individual may regret or wish to relive some part of life, leading to despair.

Modified from Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 1999.