A step towards a type 1 diabetes vaccine by using nanotherapy

Two years ago, the Immunology of Diabetes Research Group at the Germans Trias Research Institute (at Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona - Campus of International Excellence Sphere) reported a new experimental immunotherapy that prevented the onset of Type 1 Diabetes in mice predisposed to the disease. This work led to more studies with the support of the Spanish Government, Catalan Government and private patrons with a keen interest in it. Thanks to this, the article published today in PLOS ONE describes a new step towards the creation of a vaccine, which in the medium-term could be capable of preventing and even curing the disease in humans.

Initially the researchers avoided the destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic cells (beta cells) in the body by modifying the individual's immune cells, known as dendritic cells. This important step requires the extraction of the subjects' dendritic cells for their subsequent manipulation and re-injection. The process is complex and costly. In a new study with mice researchers have achieved the same effect with a much simpler process. Nanoparticles called liposomes are created in the laboratory; when they are introduced into the body they arrest the destruction of the beta cells and avoid Diabetes development. This technique could be a much better candidate for a human vaccine. The invention is commercially protected and an international patent has been applied for.

Droplets of fat and water which can be produced on a large scale

Liposomes have been used in several medical treatments. They are not cells, but droplets with an external fat membrane, similar to cell membranes. They can be made using a very specialized process, but one that is easy and safe and also easy to scale up.

The key: beta cells in process of natural death

To complete this study Germans Trias researchers have worked together with a ICREA group from the Catalan Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2). The ICN2 is a Severo Ochoa Center of Research Excellence located on Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Campus, and its mission is to seek nanotechnology solutions to challenges in the fields of biology, energy or technology. The diameter of the liposomes created for this collaborative work is from half to one micron. They were specifically generated to imitate beta cells of the pancreas that are in the process of programmed cell death (apoptosis). As the researchers showed during the previous studies, this is the way to prevent the body from destroying the beta cells and to allow it to recuperate immunological tolerance. The Catalan researchers are the first group in the world to use liposomes that imitate naturally dying cells to fight against Diabetes. The Universities of Barcelona and Lleida also contributed to this work.

Next steps