Smoking May Raise Disease Risk by Increasing Hormones

Older women who smoke have higher levels of sex hormones than nonsmoking women, which may increase their risk for breast cancer, diabetes, and other diseases, new research finds.

Smoking is a known risk factor for a wide range of chronic diseases in women, as is having elevated levels of the female sex hormone estrogen and male sex hormones, including testosterone.

But the impact of smoking on sex hormone levels in older women has been unclear.

Postmenopausal women in the study who smoked had much higher levels of both male and female sex hormones than women who had never smoked or women who had given up cigarette smoking.

The findings could help explain how smoking influences the risk for disease in older women, study researcher Judith Brand, MSc, of the Netherlands' University Medical Center Utrecht, tells WebMD.

"Apart from the known toxic and carcinogenic effects of cigarettes, smoking appears to also influence the risk for chronic disease by changing hormone levels," she says.

Tracking Hormone Levels

The study included 2,030 postmenopausal women between the ages of 55 and 81 (average age 65) who were grouped as current smokers, former smokers, or never smokers.

Blood samples were taken from all the study participants and sex hormone levels were analyzed.

Compared to nonsmokers, current smokers had higher overall levels of multiple male hormones such as testosterone. They also had higher estrogen levels - a finding that has not been seen in many earlier studies, Brand says.

In fact, many previous studies have found that smoking causes estrogen levels to drop.

Sex hormone levels were highest for the heaviest smokers in the study. But women who had stopped smoking within one to two years of entry had levels that were similar to women who had never smoked.

"Obviously, quitting smoking has major health benefits such as prevention of cancer, respiratory disease, and heart disease," Brand says. He adds that smoking cessation may have additional benefits by modifying hormone-related disease risk.

The association was seen even after the researchers took into account higher body weight. Women who are obese tend to have higher levels of estrogen and testosterone in their blood.

The study appears this week in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.

Smoking's Risks Well Known

Endocrinologist Stuart Weinerman, MD, calls the findings interesting, but he remains unconvinced that smoking raises estrogen levels.

Weinerman is chief of the division of endocrinology at the North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System in New Hyde Park, N.Y.