Low Glycemic Diets Help Diabetics Control Blood Sugar

A new Cochrane review finds that following a low glycemic index diet helps people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes to improve their blood glucose (blood sugar) control significantly.

"The glycemic index (GI) is a way of ranking foods, particularly carbohydrates, according to how quickly they affect the blood glucose levels in the body when they are eaten," said lead review author Diana Thomas.

Clinicians measured hemoglobin A1c levels, which give a picture of a person's blood glucose control over several weeks or months. The reviewers found that levels decreased by 0.5 percent with a low GI diet, noting that the findings were significant, both statistically and clinically.

Thomas is with the Center for Evidence-Based Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition at the Children's Hospital at Westmead at the University of Sydney. The GI food-ranking approach, which originated in Canada, is popular in Australia and gaining ground in Europe and the United States.

The systematic review analyzed 11 randomized controlled trials of either low GI or low glycemic load (GL) diets, with interventions lasting between four weeks and 12 months. The studies comprised 402 participants.

The highest GI is 100, based on consuming foods like white bread or straight glucose, according to the American Diabetes Association. Low GI foods have a score of 55 or less. Glycemic load is a combined measure that takes into account the amount of carbohydrate in a food, as well as its GI score, and represents the overall glycemic effect of the diet.

"The participants were adults in most studies; however, there were two studies in children, all of whom had type 1 diabetes," Thomas said. "So, the results are relevant to both adults and children, with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes."

The review appears in the latest issue of The Cochrane Library, a publication of The Cochrane Collaboration, an international organization that evaluates medical research. Systematic reviews like this one draw evidence-based conclusions about medical practice after considering both the content and quality of existing medical trials on a topic.

Dietary approaches to diabetes prevention and treatment can be confusing - and controversial - but Thomas said the review provides support for the effectiveness of low GI diets in diabetes management. Now that the principles of eating low GI foods are clear, she said, "The idea is that this way of eating should be incorporated into daily living."

The point for people "is to lower the GI or GL of the diet, rather than to follow specific diet plans, which over the longer term can be very difficult to maintain," Thomas said. By knowing which foods to eat and which to avoid, "low GI rye bread instead of high GI white bread, or basmati rice instead of white rice - a person can gradually adapt their diet to become more low GI," she said.