Silicosis - acute

Alternative names

Silicoproteinosis

Definition

Acute Silicosis is a respiratory disease caused by inhalation of silicon dioxide or crystalline silica without adequate protection.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Silicosis is lung inflammation caused by intense exposure to silica over several months, whereas chronic Silicosis is slowly progressive lung scarring, nodules, and inflammation resulting from decades of exposure to silica dusts. The disease occurs mainly in people who work in sandblasting, mining, quarrying, grinding, and those who work in foundries. The incidence of Silicosis is decreasing due to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations requiring the use of protective equipment.

Symptoms

• Shortness of breath
  
• Cough
  
• Weight loss
  

Signs and tests

Examination may show a bluish coloration (cyanosis) of the mucous membranes. Often, abnormal lung sounds can be heard with a stethoscope.

Possible tests include the following:

• Chest x-ray that may show lung scarring, inflammation, and nodules (Sometimes, an enlarged heart and dilated pulmonary arteries can be seen.)
  
• Pulmonary function tests
  
• Arterial blood gases that show low concentration of oxygen
  
• Chest CT scan
  
• Lung biopsy
  
• Bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
  
• Sputum analysis
  

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for Silicosis, as the fibrotic (scarring) process is thought to be irreversible. Not being exposed to silica is important to minimize progression of the disease.

Supportive treatment includes cough suppression medications, bronchodilators, and oxygen if needed for Shortness of breath. Antibiotics are prescribed for respiratory infections as needed. All patients should be screened for and treated if indicated.