Sarcoidosis - nervous system
Key points
- Neurosarcoidosis is a complication of sarcoidosis involving inflammation and abnormal deposits in the tissues of the nervous system (which includes the brain, the spinal cord, and other nerves).
- Sarcoidosis is a chronic disorder that affects many body systems.
- Any part of the nervous system can be affected, from a single nerve to multiple nerves to many different sites in the nervous system.
- An examination may indicate single nerve dysfunction (mononeuropathy) or dysfunction of multiple peripheral nerves (sensorimotor polyneuropathy).
Alternative names
Neurosarcoidosis
Definition
Neurosarcoidosis is a complication of sarcoidosis involving inflammation and abnormal deposits in the tissues of the nervous system (which includes the brain, the spinal cord, and other nerves).
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Sarcoidosis is a chronic disorder that affects many body systems. The majority of cases involve the lungs, but the condition can affect any area of the body.
Sarcoidosis is characterized by an abnormal immune system response that produces deposits of white blood cells and abnormal tissue cells in the affected organ. A small percentage of cases will involve some portion of the nervous system (neurosarcoidosis).
Neurosarcoidosis may affect any part of the nervous system. Sudden, transient facial palsy (facial weakness) is common with involvement of cranial nerve VII. Any nerve can be affected, including the nerves of the eye and the nerves that control taste, smell, or hearing.
The condition can also affect a part of the brain called the hypothalamus, which is involved in regulating many body functions such as temperature, sleep, and stress responses.
Muscle weakness or sensory losses can occur with peripheral nerve involvement. Other areas of the brain or the spinal cord may also be involved. Neurosarcoidosis can cause permanent disability and, in some cases, death.
Sarcoidosis occurs in highly variable groups. In the U.S. it is more common in blacks, while in Europe it is more common in whites. The disorder is slightly more common in people aged 25-50, particularly women, but can occur at any age and to either gender. It is very rare in children. When it does affect children, sarcoidosis usually involves the lungs.
Symptoms
Involvement of the pituitary gland can cause:
- High urine output
- Excessive thirst
- Changes in Menstrual Periods
- Excessive tiredness (fatigue)
Involvement of the brain or cranial nerves:
- Facial palsy (weakness, drooping)
- Dementia or delirium
o Confusion, disorientation
o Loss of memory, judgment, or calculation skills - Psychiatric disturbances (any)
Written and revised by
David Cohen, M.D.
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