Pregnancy - vaginal bleeding

Alternative names

Vaginal bleeding in pregnancy; Maternal blood loss

Definition

Any vaginal bleeding during pregnancy.

Considerations

Up to 10% of women have vaginal bleeding at some time during their pregnancy, especially in the first trimester (first 3 months). Bleeding is even more common with twins.

To help prevent a miscarriage or other problems during pregnancy, avoid smoking and the use of drugs of any kind, including alcohol. Eat a well-balanced diet, and obtain regular medical checkups.

Any vaginal bleeding at any point in pregnancy should always be reported to your doctor.

Common Causes

Vaginal bleeding during the first 3 months of pregnancy may be an indication of a spontaneous abortion (miscarriage). See the doctor immediately.

Vaginal bleeding during the fourth to ninth month of pregnancy may be caused by a miscarriage, but may also be an indication of abnormal location of the placenta, such as placenta previa or abruptio placentae.

An ectopic pregnancy, in which the embryo becomes implanted outside the uterus, is often accompanied by unexpected vaginal bleeding and severe abdominal pain. Ectopic pregnancy is sometimes associated with current use of an IUD.

A cervical infection can cause bleeding at any time, including during pregnancy.

Trauma to the cervix from intercourse may cause a small amount of bleeding.

Early labor is sometimes accompanied by a small amount of bleeding (bloody show).

Note: There may be other causes of vaginal bleeding in pregnancy. This list is not all inclusive, and the causes are not presented in order of likelihood. The causes of this symptom can include unlikely diseases and medications. Furthermore, the causes may vary based on the age of the woman, as well as on the specific characteristics of the symptom such as quality, time course, aggravating factors, relieving factors, and associated complaints.

Home Care

Any bleeding during pregnancy should be evaluated by your health care provider. For a threatened miscarriage, follow the doctor's orders. Bed rest is often recommended to stabilize the pregnancy. Medication is usually not necessary. Don't take any medication without consulting the doctor. Avoid sexual intercourse until the outcome is known. Drink only fluids if the bleeding and cramping is severe.

If a miscarriage occurs, expect a small amount of vaginal bleeding for up to 10 days. Avoid using tampons for 2 to 4 weeks. Wait through 2 or 3 normal menstrual cycles before attempting to become pregnant again.