Nocturnal myoclonus

Alternative names

Restless leg syndrome; RLS

Definition

Restless leg syndrome is a Sleep Disorder characterized by leg discomfort during sleep, which is only relieved by frequent movements of the legs.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Restless leg syndrome (RLS) occurs most often in middle-aged and older adults. It is worsened by stress. The cause is not known.

The disorder consists of sensations in the lower legs that make the person uncomfortable unless the legs are moved. The sensations usually occur shortly after going to bed but may also occur during the daytime.

The abnormal sensations occasionally occur in the upper leg, the feet or the arms in addition to the lower leg. In some cases, no other medical or neurological condition is identified. However, restless leg syndrome may occur in patients with peripheral neuropathy or other neurological disorders.

There is an irresistible urge to walk or move the legs to relieve the discomfort, resulting in periodic episodes of leg movements during early sleep stages. The symptoms may last for 1 hour or longer.

Restless leg syndrome can result in a decreased quality of sleep (Insomnia) with subsequent daytime sleepiness, anxiety or Depression, and confusion or slowed thought processes from lack of sleep.

Symptoms

• Sleeping difficulty
  
• Persistent leg movements during sleep hours
  
• Irresistible urge to move the legs
  
• Abnormal sensation in the legs (occasionally, feet, thighs, arms)
  o Creeping sensations or discomfort (not pain, not cramps) relieved by movement of the legs
  o May occur during the day
  o Worse when lying down
  

Note: Symptoms may be worse during stress or emotional upset.

Signs and tests

There is no specific examination for restless leg syndrome. No structural or other abnormalities are usually discovered unless peripheral nerve disease is also present. A blood test may be done to rule out anemia, which rarely has been associated with restless leg syndrome.

Examination and testing may be used to rule out other disorders that may cause similar symptoms, especially disorders associated with claudication of the legs.

Treatment