Localized lymphadenopathy
Key points
- Lymphadenitis and lymphangitis are infection of the lymph nodes (also called lymph glands) and lymph channels, respectively.
- The lymphatic system is a network of vessels (channels), nodes (glands) and organs.
- Signs and tests An examination shows affected lymph nodes and/or lymph vessels and may indicate the cause.
- Lymphadenitis and lymphangitis may spread within hours.
Alternative names
Lymph node infection; Lymph gland infection; Lymphadenitis and lymphangitis
Definition
Lymphadenitis and lymphangitis are infection of the lymph nodes (also called lymph glands) and lymph channels, respectively.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
The lymphatic system is a network of vessels (channels), nodes (glands) and organs. It functions as part of the immune system to protect against and fight infection, inflammation, and cancers. It also functions in the transport of fluids, fats, proteins, and other substances within the body.
The lymph glands, or nodes, are small structures that filter the lymph fluid. There are many white blood cells in the lymph nodes to help fight infection.
Lymphadenitis and lymphangitis are common complications of bacterial infections.
Lymphadenitis involves inflammation of the lymph glands. It may occur if the glands are overwhelmed by bacteria, virus, fungi, or other organisms and infection develops within the glands. It may also occur as a result of circulating cancer cells or other inflammatory conditions.
The location of the affected gland(s) is usually associated with the site of the underlying infection, tumor, or inflammation. It commonly is a result of a cellulitis or other bacteria infection (usually infection by streptococci or staphylococci).
Lymphangitis involves the lymph vessels/channels, with inflammation of the channel and resultant pain and systemic and localized symptoms. It commonly results from an acute streptococcal or staphylococcal infection of the skin (cellulitis), or from an abscess in the skin or soft tissues.
Lymphangitis may suggest that an infection is progressing, and should raise concerns of spread of bacteria to the bloodstream, which can cause life-threatening infections. Lymphangitis may be confused with a clot in a vein (thrombophlebitis).
Symptoms
LYMPHADENITIS
- lymph nodes may be swollen, tender, and hard
- lymph nodes feel smooth or irregular to touch, or soft and "rubbery" if an abscess has formed
- the skin over a node may be reddened and hot
LYMPHANGITIS
- red streaks from infected area to the armpit or groin
o may be faint or obvious - throbbing pain along the affected area (common)
Written and revised by
David Cohen, M.D.
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