Histoplasmosis - disseminated
Key points
- Disseminated histoplasmosis is an infection caused by inhaling the spores of the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which is found in moist soil areas common along river valleys, such as the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys.
- Histoplasmosis is caused by a fungus found in the central and eastern U.S.
- A physical examination may show abnormalities throughout the body.
- Antifungal medications are prescribed to control the infection.
Alternative names
Systemic histoplasmosis
Definition
Disseminated histoplasmosis is an infection caused by inhaling the spores of the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which is found in moist soil areas common along river valleys, such as the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys. It involves.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Histoplasmosis is caused by a fungus found in the central and eastern U.S. Mississippi and Ohio River Valley), eastern Canada, Mexico, Central America, South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia.
Most cases are mild or without symptoms. Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis may occur in epidemics. Progressive or spreading (disseminated) and chronic disease can also occur. In disseminated disease, the infection is spread to other organs of the body from the lungs via the bloodstream.
The liver and spleen are usually enlarged, and all body organs can be involved. Ulcerations of the mouth or gastrointestinal tract may occur. Risk factors are travel to or residence within the central or eastern U.S., and exposure to the droppings of birds and bats.
Symptoms
- fever
- chills
- muscle aching and stiffness
- cough
- rash possible (erythema nodosum)
- joint pain
- skin lesions - papule, pustule, plaque
- headache
- visual changes (chorioretinitis)
- nausea, vomiting
- mental status changes
Signs and tests
A physical examination may show abnormalities throughout the body.
Tests used in the diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis may include:
- a CBC
- blood cultures
- a biopsy or culture of affected organ(s), bone marrow, liver, lymph node, open lung, skin
- an abdominal CT scan
- a MRI scan of the affected organ(s)
- an abdominal ultrasound
- a chest x-ray
- a histoplasma urinary antigen test
Treatment
Antifungal medications are prescribed to control the infection. Amphotericin B is the drug of choice. In non-AIDS patients with milder disease, ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, or fluconazole used for at least 12 months can be effective. AIDS patients should receive chronic oral antifungal therapy (itraconazole is preferred) following initial treatment with amphotericin B.
Written and revised by
David Cohen, M.D.
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