Glossitis

Alternative names

Tongue inflammation; Tongue infection

Definition

Glossitis is an abnormality of the tongue that results from inflammation.

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Changes in the appearance of the tongue may be a primary tongue disorder, or it may be a symptom of other disorders. Glossitis occurs when there is acute or chronic inflammation of the tongue. It causes the tongue to swell and change color. Finger-like projections on the surface of the tongue (papillae) are lost, causing the tongue to appear smooth. Also see geographic tongue.

The causes of glossitis include:

• Bacterial or viral infections (including oral herpes simplex)
  
• Mechanical irritation or injury from burns, rough edges of teeth or dental appliances, or other trauma
  
• Exposure to irritants such as tobacco, alcohol, hot foods, or spices
  
• Allergic reaction to toothpaste, mouthwash, breath fresheners, dyes in candy, plastic in dentures or retainers
  
• Disorders such as iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia and other B vitamin deficiencies, oral lichen planus, erythema multiform, aphthous ulcers, pemphigus vulgaris, syphilis, and others
  

Occasionally, glossitis can be inherited.

Symptoms

• Tongue swelling
  
• Smooth appearance to the tongue
  
• Tongue color usually dark "beefy" red
  o Pale, if caused by pernicious anemia
  o Fiery red, if caused by deficiency of B vitamins
  
• Sore and tender tongue
  
• Difficulty with chewing, swallowing, or speaking
  

Signs and tests
An examination by a dentist or health care provider shows a swollen tongue (or patches of swelling). The nodules on the surface of the tongue (papillae) may be absent. Detailed questions may be asked to determine the possible source of tongue inflammation, if injury or other local cause is not readily apparent. Blood tests may confirm systemic causes of the disorder.

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to reduce inflammation. Treatment usually does not require hospitalization unless tongue swelling is severe.

Good oral hygiene is necessary, including thorough tooth brushing at least twice a day, and flossing at least daily.