Flu (Influenza)

What Is It?

Influenza, usually known as the flu, is a respiratory infection caused by one of the influenza viruses that typically is spread by air or by direct contact. Most cases occur during epidemics, which peak during the winter months nearly every year. A particularly widespread and severe epidemic is called a pandemic.

Compared with other viruses, influenza can strike remarkably large numbers of people in a relatively short time. Each year, about 25 million people seek medical care for the symptoms of influenza during flu season. In the United States, the Asian flu pandemic of 1957-1958 caused 70,000 deaths, and the Hong Kong flu of 1968-1969 killed 34,000 people. In the worst recorded pandemic of influenza, the 1918-1919 Spanish flu, 20 million people throughout the world died in less than one year.

The most common types of influenza virus are A and B. Influenza A is the one usually responsible for the annual epidemics. Most people get multiple influenza infections during their lives. With many other types of infections — for example, mumps — having the disease once protects against a second infection because the body's immune system "remembers" the returning virus, attacks it immediately and rapidly eliminates it. With influenza, the virus usually has mutated (changed) somewhat since the first infection, but the change is enough to fool our immune system. So instead of immediately recognizing the invader, the immune system thinks it is a new infectious agent and the immune response is slowed. By the time the immune response is in full gear, millions of the body's cells already have been infected with the virus.

Symptoms

Influenza can cause a variety of symptoms. They can be mild or severe depending upon the type of virus and your age and overall health. Although it is a respiratory virus, influenza can affect other body systems, making you feel sick all over. Symptoms can include any or all of the following:

• Chills
• Moderate to high fever (101 to 103 degrees Fahrenheit)
• Sore throat
• Runny nose
• Muscle aches
• Headaches
• Fatigue
• Cough
• Diarrhea
• Dizziness

Dangerous complications also can develop from influenza. One of the most feared complications, a bacterial "superinfection," occurs when the influenza virus attacks the lung and weakens its defenses, allowing bacteria that normally live quietly in the nose and throat to descend into the lung and cause bacterial pneumonia. People over 50, infants, and those with certain chronic diseases or suppressed immune systems are especially vulnerable to complications.

Diagnosis