Feeding disorder of infancy and early childhood
Key points
- A feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood is the failure of a young child to obtain adequate nutrition, which is reflected by weight loss or a failure to gain weight appropriately for development.
- Feeding disorders are diagnosed when the infant or young child appears malnourished and the problem is not caused by a medical condition (such as cleft palate, congenital heart disease, or chronic lung disease), or a mental condition (such as any disorder that causes mental retardation).
- Physical examination is performed to evaluate for any medical illness that could cause or contribute to the problem.
- A short period of hospitalization may be required to accomplish these goals.
Definition
A feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood is the failure of a young child to obtain adequate nutrition, which is reflected by weight loss or a failure to gain weight appropriately for development.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Feeding disorders are diagnosed when the infant or young child appears malnourished and the problem is not caused by a medical condition (such as cleft palate, congenital heart disease, or chronic lung disease), or a mental condition (such as any disorder that causes mental retardation).
The cause of these disorders is often unknown, but they often result from a variety of factors such as poverty, dysfunctional child-caregiver interactions, or parental misinformation about appropriate diet to meet the child's needs.
Symptoms
- Poor weight gain
- Weight loss
- Constipation
- Excessive crying
- Irritability
- Apathy
Signs and tests
Physical examination is performed to evaluate for any medical illness that could cause or contribute to the problem. Evaluation of the growth curves for height, weight, and head circumference are important in any evaluation of feeding or weight problems.
Laboratory and imaging studies may be used to complete the medical workup but often are normal in children with growth problems.
Treatment
Depending on the severity of the condition, the following measures may be taken:
- Increase the number of calories and amount of fluid the infant takes in
- Correct any vitamin or mineral deficiencies
- Identify and correct any underlying physical illnesses or psychosocial problems
A short period of hospitalization may be required to accomplish these goals.
Expectations (prognosis)
There is no quick cure for the majority of infants and children with feeding disorders. Instead, a multidisciplinary approach is required with pediatricians, outreach nurses, dietitians, social workers, behavior specialists, and parents working together to improve the child's well-being and nutritional status.
Complications
Childhood malnutrition can permanently stunt mental and physical development if it is severe and long-lasting. Early treatment can prevent such complications.
Written and revised by
Andrey Nailor, M.D.
Our doctors write and review articles for accuracy and keep them up to date.
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