Ear infection - chronic
Key points
- Otitis media is an inflammation or infection of the middle ear.
- Inflammation or infection of the middle ear occurs when the eustachian tube to that ear is blocked.
- Note: Symptoms may be continuous or intermittent, and may occur in one or both ears.
- An examination of the ear may show dullness, redness, air bubbles, or fluid behind the eardrum.
Alternative names
Middle ear infection - chronic; Otitis media - chronic; Chronic otitis media; Chronic ear infection
Definition
Otitis media is an inflammation or infection of the middle ear. Chronic means recurring or persistent.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Inflammation or infection of the middle ear occurs when the eustachian tube to that ear is blocked. The eustachian tube is the passage from the back of the throat to the middle ear. Chronic otitis media occurs when the eustachian tube becomes blocked repeatedly (or remains blocked for long periods) due to allergies, multiple infections, ear trauma, or swelling of the adenoids.
When the middle ear is actually infected with bacteria (or occasionally, viruses) rather than just inflamed, it is more serious. A chronic ear infection may be the result of an acute ear infection that does not clear completely, or the result of recurrent ear infections. The infection may spread into the mastoid bone behind the ear (mastoiditis), or pressure from fluid build-up may rupture the eardrum or damage the bones of the middle ear.
A chronic ear infection may be more destructive than an acute ear infection because its effects are prolonged or repeated, and it may cause permanent damage to the ear. However, a chronic, long-term infection may show less severe symptoms - so the infection may remain unnoticed and untreated for a long time.
Ear infections are more common in children because their eustachian tubes are shorter, narrower, and more horizontal than in adults. Chronic ear infections are much less common than acute ear infections.
Symptoms
- Ear pain or discomfort, earache
o Usually mild
o May feel like pressure in the ear - Pus-like drainage from the ear
- Hearing loss
Note: Symptoms may be continuous or intermittent, and may occur in one or both ears.
Signs and tests
An examination of the ear may show dullness, redness, air bubbles, or fluid behind the eardrum. The eardrum may show drainage or perforation (a hole in the eardrum). The eardrum may bulge out or retract inward.
Cultures of drainage may show bacteria. These bacteria may be resistant or harder to treat than the bacteria commonly involved in acute ear infection.
Mastoid x-rays or a CT scan of the head or mastoids may show spreading of the infection beyond the middle ear.
Treatment
Written and revised by
Gerald Hurowitz, M.D.
Our doctors write and review articles for accuracy and keep them up to date.
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