Allergies
Key points
- Allergy is caused by an oversensitive immune system, which leads to a misdirected immune response.
- Allergy symptoms vary depending on what is causing the reaction and the part of the body where the reaction occurs.
- The history of your symptoms is important in diagnosing all allergies, including whether the symptoms vary according to time of day, season, exposure to pets and other potential allergens, and diet changes.
- The goal is to reduce the symptoms caused by inflammation of the affected tissues.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Allergy is caused by an oversensitive immune system, which leads to a misdirected immune response. The immune system normally protects the body against harmful substances, such as bacteria and viruses.
In contrast, an allergic reaction is when the immune system reacts to substances (allergens) that are generally harmless and in most people do not cause an immune response.
In a person with allergies, the first exposure to the allergen triggers the immune system to recognize the substance. Any exposure after that will usually result in symptoms.
When an allergen enters the body of a person with a sensitized immune system, histamine and other chemicals are released by certain cells. This causes itching, swelling, mucus production, muscle spasms, Hives, Rashes, and other symptoms.
Symptoms vary in severity from person to person. Most people have symptoms that cause discomfort without being life-threatening. A few people have life-threatening reactions (called anaphylaxis).
The part of the body contacted by the allergen will, in part, affect the symptoms. For example, allergens that are inhaled often cause Nasal congestion, itchy nose and throat, mucus production, cough, or wheezing. A food allergen can cause nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, or a severe, life-threatening reaction. Allergies to plants often cause skin rash. Drug allergies usually involve the whole body.
Some disorders may be associated with allergies. These include eczema and Asthma, among others.
Common allergens include those that contact the skin, breathing passages, or the surface of the eye (such as pollen; see also allergy to mold, dander, dust). Food allergies and drug allergies are common. allergic reactions can be caused by insect bites, jewelry, cosmetics, and almost any substance that contacts the body.
Some people have allergic-type reactions to hot or cold temperatures, sunlight, or other physical stimuli. In some persons, friction (rubbing or vigorously stroking the skin) will cause symptoms. (See also and .)
Frequently asked questions
What are the risk factors for allergies?
Allergy is caused by an oversensitive immune system, which leads to a misdirected immune response. The immune system normally protects the body against harmful substances, such as bacteria and viruses. In contrast, an allergic reaction is when the immune system reacts to substances (allergens) that are generally harmless and in most people do not cause an immune response. In a person with allergies, the first exposure to the allergen triggers the immune system to recognize the substance. Any exposure after that will usually result in symptoms. When an allergen enters the body of a person with a sensitized immune system, histamine and other chemicals are released by certain cells.
What are the symptoms of allergies?
Allergy symptoms vary depending on what is causing the reaction and the part of the body where the reaction occurs. Symptoms can include:
- runny nose
- tearing eyes, burning or itching eyes
- red eyes, conjunctivitis
- swollen eyes
- itching nose, mouth, throat, skin, or any other area
- wheezing
- coughing
- difficulty breathing
- Hives (skin wheals)
- skin Rashes
- stomach cramps
- Vomiting
- diarrhea
- headache
How is allergies treated?
The goal is to reduce the symptoms caused by inflammation of the affected tissues. Of course, the best "treatment" is to avoid what causes your allergies in the first place. It may be impossible to completely avoid everything you are allergic to, but you can often take steps to reduce your exposure. This is especially important for food and drug allergies. Medications that can be used to treat allergies include the following:
Written and revised by
David Cohen, M.D.
Our doctors write and review articles for accuracy and keep them up to date.
health.am provides general information, not medical advice. Always consult a qualified health professional about your own health.