Mexico City's air pollution has detrimental impact on Alzheimer's disease gene

A new study by researchers at the Universities of Montana, Valle de México, Boise State, and North Carolina, the Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, and Centro Médico Cozumel heightens concerns over the detrimental impact of air pollution on hippocampal metabolites as early markers of neurodegeneration in young urbanites carrying an allele 4 of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE). This is associated with the risk for Alzheimer disease (AD) and a susceptibility marker for poor outcome in traumatic brain injury (TBI) recovery. These findings are published in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease.

Mexico City children and their parents have lifetime exposures to concentrations of air pollutants above the current USA standards, including fine particulate matter (PM 2.5). Metropolitan Mexico City is an example of extreme urban growth and serious environmental pollution and millions of children are involuntarily exposed to harmful concentrations of PM 2.5 every day since conception.

This study focused on children (n: 57, 12.4±3.4 years) and one parent (n: 48, 37.5±6.7 years) sharing the same APOE allele (either allele 3, 3/3 the most common genotype, with no Alzheimer risk factor or allele 4, 3/4 or 4/4 associated with AD risk, increased levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density lipoproteins along with development of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis). Researchers focused on the hippocampus, a key structure involved in higher cognitive function, particularly memory processes, and certain affective behaviors.

Three major brain metabolites in the hippocampus were measured in each child/parent pair using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The right hippocampus NAA/Cr ratio, reflective of neuronal density and functional integrity, was significantly decreased in Mexico City APOE ε4 children versus children exposed to low pollution. The left hippocampus NAA/Cr ratio of Mexico City APOE ε4 parents was significantly different than their children, with the lowest values seen in parents.

A robust hippocampal decrease of N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/creatine(Cr), key for optimal hippocampal performance, significantly affects APOE ε4 children and their parents.

Researchers are very concerned by the young age of the children with evidence of a spectral marker of neurodegeneration that is often seen in adults with mild cognitive impairment, in Alzheimer patients and in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease.

Mexico City children, teens, and young adults have shown a key marker of AD: phosphorilated tau along significant brain and intrathecal neuroinflammation, dysregulated immune responses, breakdown of epithelial and endothelial barriers, damage to the neurovascular unit, and brain accumulation of metals associated with combustion. Moreover, these seemingly healthy children have olfaction deficits, dysregulation of feeding regulatory hormones, deficiencies in attention and short-term memory, and below-average scores in Verbal and Full Scale IQ compared to low air pollution children.