References

  1. National Institute of Drug Abuse. National household survey on drug abuse: population estimates 1991. Rev. ed. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1992. (DHHS publication no. (ADM) 92-1887.)
  2. Cregler LL, Mark H. Relation of acute myocardial infarction to cocaine abuse. Am J Cardiol 1985;56:794-794.
  3. Goldfrank LR, Hoffman RS. The cardiovascular effects of cocaine. Ann Emerg Med 1991;20:165-175.
  4. Macdonald DI. Cocaine heads ED drug visits. JAMA 1987;258:2029-2029.
  5. Colliver JD, Kopstein AN. Trends in cocaine abuse reflected in emergency room episodes reported to DAWN: Drug Abuse Warning Network. Public Health Rep 1991;106:59-68.
  6. Brody SL, Slovis CM, Wrenn KD. Cocaine-related medical problems: consecutive series of 233 patients. Am J Med 1990;88:325-331.
  7. Hollander JE, Hoffman RS, Gennis P, et al. Prospective multicenter evaluation of cocaine associated chest pain. Acad Emerg Med 1994;1:330-339.
  8. Hollander JE, Hoffman RS. Cocaine-induced myocardial infarction: an analysis and review of the literature. J Emerg Med 1992;10:169-177.
  9. Minor RL Jr, Scott BD, Brown DD, Winniford MD. Cocaine-induced myocardial infarction in patients with normal coronary arteries. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:797-806.
  10. Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Yancy CW Jr, et al. Cocaine-induced coronary-artery vasoconstriction. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1557-1562.
  11. Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Flores ED, et al. Potentiation of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction by beta-adrenergic blockade. Ann Intern Med 1990;112:897-903.
  12. Flores ED, Lange RA, Cigarroa RG, Hillis LD. Effect of cocaine on coronary artery dimensions in atherosclerotic coronary artery disease: enhanced vasoconstriction at sites of significant stenoses. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;16:74-79.
  13. Winniford MD, Wheelan KR, Kremers MS, et al. Smoking-induced coronary vasoconstriction in patients with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease: evidence for adrenergically mediated alterations in coronary artery tone. Circulation 1986;73:662-667.
  14. Moliterno DJ, Willard JE, Lange RA, et al. Coronary-artery vasoconstriction induced by cocaine, cigarette smoking, or both. N Engl J Med 1994;330:454-459.
  15. Togna G, Tempesta E, Togna AR, Dolci N, Cebo B, Caprino L. Platelet responsiveness and biosynthesis of thromboxane and prostacyclin in response to in vitro cocaine treatment. Haemostasis 1985;15:100-107.
  16. Schnetzer GW. Platelets and thrombogenesis -- current concepts. Am Heart J 1972;83:552-564.
  17. Rezkalla SH, Mazza JJ, Kloner RA, Tillema V, Chang SH. The effects of cocaine on human platelets in healthy subjects. Am J Cardiol 1993;72:243-246.
  18. Moliterno DJ, Lange RA, Gerard RD, Willard JE, Lackner C, Hillis LD. Influence of intranasal cocaine on plasma constituents associated with endogenous thrombosis and thrombolysis. Am J Med 1994;96:492-496.
  19. Bement CL, Cohen L, Nielsen SW, Langner RO. Arterial injury in rabbits following alternate-day injections of cocaine. FASEB J 1989;3:A297-A297.abstract
  20. Langner RO, Bement CL, Cohen L, Nielsen SW. Stimulation of atherogenesis by cocaine in cholesterol-fed rabbits. FASEB J 1989;3:A297-A297.abstract
  21. Mittleman RE, Wetli CV. Cocaine and sudden "natural" death. J Forensic Sci 1987;32:11-19.
  22. Dressler FA, Malekzadeh S, Roberts WC. Quantitative analysis of amounts of coronary arterial narrowing in cocaine addicts. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:303-308.
  23. Tardiff K, Gross E, Wu J, Stajic M, Millman R. Analysis of cocaine-positive fatalities. J Forensic Sci 1989;34:53-63.
  24. Eichhorn EJ, Peacock E, Grayburn PA, et al. Chronic cocaine abuse is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis in human coronary arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:Suppl:105A-105A.abstract
  25. Hollander JE, Hoffman RS, Burstein JL, Shih RD, Thode HC Jr. Cocaine-associated myocardial infarction: mortality and complications. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:1081-1086.
  26. Om A, Warner M, Sabri N, Cecich L, Vetrovec G. Frequency of coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction in cocaine users. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:1549-1552.
  27. Majid PA, Patel B, Kim HS, Zimmerman JL, Dellinger RP. An angiographic and histologic study of cocaine-induced chest pain. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:812-814.
  28. Brickner ME, Willard JE, Eichhorn EJ, Black J, Grayburn PA. Left ventricular hypertrophy associated with chronic cocaine use. Circulation 1991;84:1130-1135.
  29. Amin M, Gabelman G, Karpel J, Buttrick P. Acute myocardial infarction and chest pain syndromes after cocaine use. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:1434-1437.
  30. Zimmerman JL, Dellinger RP, Majid PA. Cocaine-associated chest pain. Ann Emerg Med 1991;20:611-615.
  31. Gitter MJ, Goldsmith SR, Dunbar DN, Sharkey SW. Cocaine and chest pain: clinical features and outcome of patients hospitalized to rule out myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:277-282.
  32. Tokarski GF, Paganussi P, Urbanski R, Carden D, Foreback C, Tomlanovich MC. An evaluation of cocaine-induced chest pain. Ann Emerg Med 1990;19:1088-1092.
  33. Nademanee K, Gorelick DA, Josephson MA, et al. Myocardial ischemia during cocaine withdrawal. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:876-880.
  34. Hollander JE, Lozano M, Fairweather P, et al. "Abnormal" electrocardiograms in patients with cocaine associated chest pain are due to "normal" variants. J Emerg Med 1994;12:199-205.
  35. McLaurin MD, Henry TD, Apple FS, Sharkey SW. Cardiac troponin I, T and CK-MB in patients with cocaine related chest pain. Circulation 1994;90:I-278.abstract
  36. Adams JE III, Bodor GS, Davila-Roman VG, et al. Cardiac troponin I: a marker with high specificity for cardiac injury. Circulation 1993;88:101-106.
  37. McNagny SE, Parker RM. High prevalence of recent cocaine use and the unreliability of patient self-report in an inner-city walk-in clinic. JAMA 1992;267:1106-1108.
  38. Todd KH, Hollander JE, Heilpern K, et al. Prevalence of the use of cocaine in patients with chest pain. Acad Emerg Med 1995;2:344-344.abstract
  39. Guinn MM, Bedford JA, Wilson MC. Antagonism of intravenous cocaine lethality in nonhuman primates. Clin Toxicol 1980;16:499-508.
  40. Catravas JD, Waters IW. Acute cocaine intoxication in the conscious dog: studies on the mechanism of lethality. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1981;217:350-356.
  41. Catravas JD, Waters IW, Walz MA, Davis WM. Acute cocaine intoxication in the conscious dog: pathophysiologic profile of acute lethality. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1978;235:328-340.
  42. Brogan WC III, Lange RA, Kim AS, Moliterno DJ, Hillis LD. Alleviation of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction by nitroglycerin. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:581-586.
  43. Hollander JE, Hoffman RS, Gennis P, et al. Nitroglycerin in the treatment of cocaine associated chest pain -- clinical safety and efficacy. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1994;32:243-256.
  44. Hollander JE, Carter WA, Hoffman RS. Use of phentolamine for cocaine-induced myocardial ischemia. N Engl J Med 1992;327:361-361.
  45. Negus BH, Willard JE, Hillis LD, et al. Alleviation of cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction with intravenous verapamil. Am J Cardiol 1994;73:510-513.
  46. Hollander JE, Burstein JL, Hoffman RS, Shih RD, Wilson LD. Cocaine-associated myocardial infarction: clinical safety of thrombolytic therapy. Chest 1995;107:1237-1241.
  47. Billman GE. Effect of calcium channel antagonists on cocaine-induced malignant arrhythmias: protection against ventricular fibrillation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993;266:407-416.
  48. Knuepfer MM, Branch CA. Calcium channel antagonists reduce the cocaine-induced decrease in cardiac output in a subset of rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993;21:390-396.
  49. Trouve R, Nahas GG. Antidotes to lethal cocaine toxicity in the rat. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1990;305:197-207.
  50. Derlet RW, Albertson TE. Potentiation of cocaine toxicity with calcium channel blockers. Am J Emerg Med 1989;7:464-468.
  51. Sand IC, Brody SL, Wrenn KD, Slovis CM. Experience with esmolol for the treatment of cocaine-associated cardiovascular complications. Am J Emerg Med 1991;9:161-163.
  52. Spivey WH, Schoffstall JM, Kirkpatrick R, Fuhs L. Comparison of labetalol, diazepam, and haloperidol for the treatment of cocaine toxicity in a swine model. Ann Emerg Med 1990;19:467-468.abstract
  53. Gay GR, Loper KA. The use of labetolol in the management of cocaine crisis. Ann Emerg Med 1988;17:282-283.
  54. Dusenberry SJ, Hicks MJ, Mariani PJ. Labetolol treatment of cocaine toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 1987;16:235-235.
  55. Briggs RS, Birtwell AJ, Pohl JE. Hypertensive response to labetolol in phaeochromocytoma. Lancet 1978;1:1045-1046.
  56. Boehrer JD, Moliterno DJ, Willard JE, Hillis LD, Lange RA. Influence of labetolol on cocaine-induced coronary vasoconstriction in humans. Am J Med 1993;94:608-610.
  57. Bush HS. Cocaine-associated myocardial infarction: a word of caution about thrombolytic therapy. Chest 1988;94:878-878.
  58. Derlet RW, Albertson TE, Tharratt RS. Lidocaine potentiation of cocaine toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 1991;20:135-138.
  59. Heit J, Hoffman RS, Goldfrank LR. Lidocaine is protective against lethality in mice. Acad Emerg Med 1994;1:438-442.
  60. Shih RD, Hollander JE, Hoffman RS, Nelson LS, Quick AM, Cocaine Associated Myocardial Infarction Study Group. Clinical safety of lidocaine in patients with cocaine-induced myocardial infarction. Vet Hum Toxicol 1994;36:349-349.abstract
  61. Beckman KJ, Parker RB, Hariman RJ, Gallastegui JL, Javaid JI, Bauman JL. Hemodynamic and electrophysiological actions of cocaine: effects of sodium bicarbonate as an antidote in dogs. Circulation 1991;83:1799-1807.
  62. Hollander JE, Hoffman RS, Thode HC Jr, Cocaine Associated Chest Pain Study Group. Circadian rhythms in patients with cocaine associated myocardial infarction. Vet Hum Toxicol 1994;36:376-376.abstract
  63. Hollander JE, Hoffman RS, Gennis P, et al. Cocaine associated chest pain: one year follow-up. Acad Emerg Med 1995;2:179-184.
  64. Gioia G, Manuel M, Russell J, Heo J, Iskandrian AS. Myocardial perfusion pattern in patients with cocaine-induced chest pain. Am J Cardiol 1995;75:396-398.
  65. Hollander JE, Hoffman RS, Shih RD, Cocaine Associated Myocardial Infarction (CAMI) Study Group. Coronary artery disease in patients with cocaine associated myocardial infarction. Acad Emerg Med 1995;2:456-456.abstract
  66. Hollander JE, Hoffman RS, Thode HC Jr. Chest discomfort, cocaine and tobacco. Acad Emerg Med 1995;2:238-238.