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In the last years, the surgical progress led to progressive increase of number and survival time of transplant female recipients. 

Oral and intrauterine device contraceptives are generally,considered contraindicated,  but if…

Toxic effects of the hormonal contraceptives (HCs)  are rare but potentially serious and require permanent termination of their use. HCs are contraindicated if there is a personal or family history of Porphyries, systemic lupus erythematosus,…

Literature data no reported significant association of age at menarche, parity, age at first birth, and exogenous hormone use with bladder cancer risk. Findings suggest that menopausal status and age…

Neurofibromas are benign tumors of the peripheral nerve sheath, which may occur sporadically and, in association with the common familial cancer syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). NF1 is a hereditary disease caused by mutations of…

Incidence rates for pancreatic cancer are consistently lower in women than in men. Previous studies suggested that reproductive factors, particularly parity, may reduce   pancreatic   cancer   risk   in…

Liver cell adenomas are rare benign tumors whose incidence has been increasing since 1970 ⁽⁹¹⁾.

They generally occur in otherwise healthy women over age 30, who have used hormonal contraceptives…

Skin expresses estrogen,  progesterone,  and androgen receptors.  Steroid hormones,  such as those contained in oral contraceptives,affect skin cell cycle control.

Consequently,  they can induce increase of epidermal growth factor signaling,  expression…

The association between oral contraceptive use and colorectal cancer have yielded conflicting results. The analysis from a multicenter case-control study, conducted in 6 Italian regions in 1992-96 with data from a…

In some studies HCs have been associated with an increased risk of cervical abnormalities and cervical cancer, but there might be alternative explanations for these epidemiological associations: HC users can start…

Combination oral contraceptive use was associated with a decreased risk in endometrial carcinoma, which decrease with duration of use (RR=0.28 at 5 years of use); however,  the estimated protective effect was…

The incidence of ovarian cancer is reduced by pregnancy,  lactation,  tubal ligation and oral contraceptives ⁽²⁴⁾. The role of sex hormones seems important for ovarian carcinogenesis. 

Epidemiological observations and experimental…

Neoplastic Risk of Hormonal Contraception
For   several   years   the   role   of   hormonal   contraceptives (HCs)  in   the development of cancer has been explored,…

Some studies affirmed that hormonal contraceptves, sometimes may provoke vasculitis.  Since Kussmaul and Maier described the index case of vasculitis in 1866, the field has seen many changes but many mysteries remain ⁽¹⁾.

Vasculitis represent…

The incidence of ocular complications from hormonal contraceptives was estimated to be 1 in 230,000 users ⁽¹⁾. 

Therefore,  severe adverse vascular accidents of the eye are exceptional in women under 40 years…

The peliosis hepatis, firstly described in 1950 by Zak F.G.,  is a rare condition,sometimes fatal,  characterized by areas of hepatocellular necrosis secondarily   cystic,blood   filled   cavities   of   1-3   mm  …

Angioedema is a potentially life threatening condition and may be inherited or acquired.According to sporadic reports, hormonal contraceptives can induce or exacerbate symptoms of hereditary angioedema type I or type III or idiopathic angioedema. 

However, …

Short-term   studies   have   been   suggested   that   combined   hormonal contraceptives may induce a mild rise in blood pressure ^(95,96,97).  In fact,  it seems that HCs induce hypertension in approximately…

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common disorder, and oral contraceptives (OC)  are   well-known   risk   factors   associated   with   venous thromboembolism(VTE)^(2,15,44,49).

The individual risk of VTE varies as a result of…

Among women taking combined hormonal contraceptives (COCs),  arterial accidents rarely occur, and isolated cases are reported also, in women taking only-progestin   preparations   (POP). 

In   the   meantime,  the   lowering  …

Most users of hormonal contraceptives (HCs)  have a low background incidence of major cardiovascular diseases.

In fact,current users of low estrogen dose – HC s have a small increased risk of ischaemic stroke, although most…

Cardiovascular Effects
The first report about a case of pulmonary embolism as adverse effect of contraception occurred in 1961 ⁽¹⁾.

Myocardial Infarction

In the last years, the incidence of myocardial infarction(MI) was estimated…

Hormonal contraception has been an available method of birth control for over four decades Despite this, women’s knowledge often moves between myth and   reality,  and   never   has   another…

Physicians need to pay closer attention to the possibility of urinary incontinence (UI) in their female diabetic patients, because 35% of this population reports at least weekly episodes,…

The antidepressant citalopram may help lessen the severity of menopausal hot flashes, at least in the short term, a new clinical trial suggests.

The findings, from a seven-week study of 254…

Women who have an abortion in the second trimester of pregnancy are more likely than women who terminate their pregnancies earlier to have repeat abortions, new research shows.

And women…